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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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No. 14. 



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DY ne/iR.r CI1ADWICK. 




The Reliable Boole of Out-Door Games. 



Edited by HENRY CHADWICK. 



PREFACE. 

In presenting The Reliable Book of Otjt- 
Doob Games to the American public, it is only 
necessary to state that it is a work designed for 
the special use of American boys, and as such 
presents the chapters on instruction in our 
national game of baseball as its chief attrac- 
tion. It would be beyond the reach of a hand- 
book of this kind to cover all of the field games 
of ball in vogue ; and, therefore, only the most 
prominent games have been selected for this 
book. 

The editor of this book is so well known as 
the leading authority on our national game, as 
also a writer practically familiar with the prom- 
inent sports of the period, that it is needless to 
state that the instructions given will be those of 
an established authority as well as of a popu- 
lar writer. 

One of the characteristics of nearly all of 
the handbooks of sports hitherto published, is, 
that they are most of them reprints of the 
works of English writers on the subject, and 
as such are not sufficiently comprehensive for 
the use of our American youths of the period. 
Our boys, though they do not want scientific 
treatises for their handbooks, want in them a 
full explanation of all the leading points of 
play of the game written about, and this th^y 
want done in a manner which is not ODly within 
the comprehension of the youngest school boy, 
but which also is suited to the cultivated intel- 
ligence of a well-educated college youth. It is 
this style of handbook the editor has aimed to 
write, and especially so as regards the lengthy 
chapter on baseball. 

INTRODUCTION. 

In this existing era of brutality in sports, it 
is a pleasure to point to the fact that the most 
prominent of our field games of ball are 
rightfully excluded from the list of sports of the 
period which are subject to brutal features in 
the playing of them. Our American national 
game of Baseball stands pre-eminent in this re- 
spect, as does the English national game of 
Cricket. Moreover, both these great games of 
ball require attributes of physical courage, en- 
durance and pluck, together with the moral 
requirements of control of temper, cool judg- 
ment and presence of mind to excel in them td 
a marked degree. In fact, they are manly 
sports in every respect, and yet are admirably 
adapted for the healthful enjoyment of school 
boys and young collegians. The field games of 
ball, too, of lacrosse and football, are games 
which might be made worthy of being included 
in the list of field sports deprived of brutal 
characteristics, were some of the customs of 



both games eliminated from them by stringent 
rules. Unluckily, however, both lacrosse and 
football, as too frequently played, still retain 
features in the existing method of playing 
them which afford too many opportunities for 
brutality not to make them objectionable for 
boys ; the football of the period, under American 
college rules, being little else than a contest in 
wrestling and unfair pugilistic slugging, which 
materially deprives it of the manly methods 
which should characterize the game under 
model rules. As to lawn tennis, that is a field 
game of ball which is a school of courtesy in 
itself, while it requires a degree of physical 
activity and endurance to excel in it which 
makes it a manly sport for experts. Croquet, 
too, is a game of the same class, with the excep- 
tion that it does not require the endurance 
of fatigue, or the great activity essential in 
tennis. As to handball, that is the game of 
games for training one to excel in all the other 
held games of ball, and especially in baseball 
and cricket. 

Of course the sport of sports for American 
boys is our national game, which is now the es- 
tablished favorite game of ball of the American 
people, and occupies a position in public esti- 
mation which no other field sport in vogue ap- 
proaches. The game has attained its present 
position of popularity, not only from its adapta- 
bility to our peculiar national characteristics, as 
regards its possession of special points of at- 
traction ; but also from its value as a field sport 
which presents sufficient excitement in itself to 
draw thousands of spectators without the in- 
trinsic aid of betting as its chief point of inter- 
est, the latter attraction being something which 
pertains to nearly every other popular sport. 
Then, too, it should be borne in mind that base- 
ball first taught us Americans the value of phys- 
ical exercise as an important aid to perfect 
work in cultivating the mind up to its highest 
point. It is to the introduction of baseball as a 
national pastime, in fact, that the growth of 
athletic sports in general in popularity is largely 
due ; and the game pointed out to the mercan- 
tile community of our large cities that " all work 
and no play " 'is the most costly policy they can 
pursue, both in regard to the advantages to 
their own health and in tho improvement in the 
work of their employes, the combination of 
work and play yielding results in better work 
and more satisfactory service than was possi- 
ble under the old rule. Thus the game has 
acted like a lever in lifting into public favor all 
athletic sports. 

It is this game which has been made the fea- 
ture of this work, and it of course occupies more 
space than that of all the other games of ball 
contained in the book. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



BASEBALL. 




HOW TO LEARN THE GAME. 

In learning to play baseball there are two 
questions to be considered ; first, as to your 
desire to play the game for recreative exercise 
only ; and, secondly, in regard to your having as- 
pirations to excel as a professional expert. To 
learn to play baseball solely for the enjoyable 
exercise the game affords, requires but'little 
study or effort ; as an hour or two's reading of 
a standard Work on the game will instruct you 
in regard to its theory ; while an afternoon's 
play, with an amateur team will suffice to give 
you all the practical knowledge necessary. But 
to learn the game with a view of eventually be- 
coming a trained professional exemplar of base- 
ball is altogether a different matter ; as it not 
only requires the attentive study of every rule 
of play, and of those special* applications of 
the rules known as " points " in the game, to- 
gether with perfect familiarity with each and 
every rule ; but it also involves a regular course 
of physical training to fit you for a home posi- 
tion in a professional team, the latter being a 
task which involves steady and persevering ap- 
plication, fatiguing exertion, plenty of nerve 
and pluck, thorough control of temper, great pow- 
ers of endurance, and, withal, the physical apti- 
tude to excel in one or the other— if not in all — 
of those special departments of the game known 
&s pitching, baiting, base-running and fielding. 

One of the attractive features of the game of 
baseball is the simplicity of its theory ; and yet, 
to play the game up to its highest point of ex- 
cellence requires as great a degree of mental 
ability, and the possession of as many manly 
physical attributes as any known game of ball. 
Ordinarily a party of- juveniles, ranging from 
eight to twelve years of age, can easily play a 
game of baseball, and get a great deal of enjoy- 
ment out of it; but to piay the game up to its 
highest point of excellence requires men of 
pluck, nerve and presence of mind, courage- 
ous fellows, having their wits about them ; for 
when it is played up to its highest mark there is 
nothing boyish about it whatever. 

THE THEORY OF THE GAME. 

The theory of the game of baseball is simply 
as follows : 
A level space of ground of three or more acres 



in extent having been secured, the parties to 
the contest proceed to measure off a " diamond " 
field, having equal sides of thirty yards, and 
on three of the corners of this "diamond" are 
placed the base bags, the home base being dis- 
tinct from the other bases, the latter base being 
placed at the head of the field. The pitcher's 
position is near the center of the diamond field, 
and the batsman's position on each side of the 
home base. So much for the lines of the dia- 
mond field itself. The contesting sides com- 
prise eighteen players in all, there being nine 
positions in the field, viz., the pitcher and 
catcher, technically known as the " battery " 
players; the four infielders, which comprise 
the* three base players and the shoH-stop ; and the 
three outfielders, which include the left, center 
and right field players. The diagram on the op- 
posite page shows the lines of the " diamond " 
field of a baseball ground and the positions of 
the players. 

HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED. 

The diamond field having been laid out, the 
sides chosen for the game, the choice of in- 
nings tossed for, and the umpire selected, and 
all being in readiness to begin to play, the um- 
pire calls " play ball," and the captain of the 
side winning the choice of innings proceeds to 
send his men into the field, and the opposing 
batsmen go to the bat in the order written 
down in the score book. Just here the rules 
governing the action of the attacking force— the 
nine players in the field — at once come into play, 
the pitcher being the first player to start the 
game, which he does by delivering the ball to 
the bat while standing legally within the lines 
of his position. He is required by the rules 
governing the delivery of the ball to the bat to 
send in every ball " over the home base," and 
within the range of the batsman's kneo and his 
shoulder. Every time the pitcher fails to de- 
liver the ball over the base he incurs the penalty 
of a " calledball," and four such called balls sends 
the batsman to first base ; the batsman then 
becoming a base runner by this act. If, on the 
other hand, the batsman fails to strike at every 
ball sent in over the home base, and not higher 
than the line of the batsman's shoulders nor 
lower than the line of his knees, the bats- 
man incurs the penalty of having " strikes " 



1^ BASEMAN. 



O UMPIRE 
• CATCHER 




^-"BASEMAN 



2"J>BASEMAN. 



MONT FIELDER. 



££/?F/£lO£R. 



CENTER f /ELDER, 



called on bim by tbe umpire ; and after three 
such strikes have been called he is obliged to run 
to first base, and he can then be put out by the 
catcher catching the ball on which the third 
strike was called on the fly ; or by the ball being 
held at first base before the runner reaches it, 
before some part of his person touches that base. 
Should the batsman hit the ball so that it strikes 
the ground in front of or on the foul lines, it is a 
fair hit ball, and he immediately becomes a base 
runner, as in the case of the calling of balls ; but, 
in such case, he can be put out either by a catch 
of the hit ball before it touches the ground, 
viz., on the fly— or by his failing to touch first 
base before the ball is held by the fielder at first 
base. In case, however, the batsman hits the 
ball so that it goes to foul ground, while he is 
also liable to be put out on the fly catch of such 
ball he cannot offset the foul hit by the advantage 
of trying to earn a base on such hit, as he can 
on a fair hit ball, as no bases can be run or 
runs scored on a hit foul ball. When the base 
runner has secured his right to hold first base, 



either by a base hit or an error on the part of a 
fielder, his next effort is to secure the other three 
bases and thereby score a run. This he _ does 
either by being forwarded by the good hitting of 
those who follow him at the bat ; by stealing 
bases — viz., running to the next base before he 
can be thrown out there— or by a series of one or 
more costly errors by the fielders. It will be 
seen, therefore, that the bataman can be put out 
by a fair catch of the ball he hits ; or by a catch 
of a foul ball, or by striking out. In addition, 
too, he can.be put out simply by stepping out- 
side of the boundary lines of his position while 
in the act of striking at a pitched ball, or by bat- 
ting at a wild pitched ball or any ball, in fact, in 
such a way as intentionally to prevent the 
catcher from catching or fielding the ball; tho 
former out being termed afoul strike, and the lat- 
ter an out from inteiferingioiih the catcher. Thru, 
too,tho batsman can be decided out ifhe takes Ium 
position at the bat out of the regular « 
batting, provided ho hits a fair ball before the 
error is discovered. Thus it will be seen that 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



the batsman can be put out in six different 
ways ; viz., first by a, fly catch of a fair ball : sec- 
ondly, by a similar catch of a foul ball ; thirdly, 
by a foul strike ; fourthly, by hindering the 
catcher ; fifthly, by batting out of the regular 
order, and sixthly, by failing to hit the ball after 
three strikes. After the batsman has become a 
base runner, he is liable to be put out by the ball 
being held by a fielder at first base before reach- 
ing it ; by his being touched by the ball in the 
hands of a fielder while off a base ; by failing to 
keep within the base path in running from home 
-base to first base ; by failing to avoid interfering 
with a fielder to catch a fly ball ; by purposely 
preventing a fielder from fielding a thrown ball ; 
by running three feet outside of the base lines 
between each base while trying to avoid being 
touched with a ball in the hands of a fielder ; by 
being hit by a fairly batted ball in running from 
base to base ; by failing to return to a base he 
had left before the fairly hit or foul hit ball is 
caught on the fly ; by his running on to fair 
ground after over running first base, and his 
failing, in such case, to return to the base before 
he is touched by the ball in the hands of a 
fielder ; by his being forced out, that is, by the 
ball being held on the base he is obliged to run 
to by the act of the batsman in making a fair 
hit. It will be seen, therefore, that the base 
runner can be put out in ten different and 
■"istinct ways by the field side or attacking 
I ^J.26 in the game. It would thus appear, at a 
casual glance, that the batsman's chances of se- 
curing a run are very small, considering that he 
has to encounter sixteen distinct risks of outs as 
batsman and base runner, while having but 
three chances afforded him to make a run, viz., 
by his own safe hit at a fair ball ; his being for- 
warded as a base runner by the safe hitting of 
the batsman following him, or by his skill in 
stealing a base ; all his other chances for scor- 
ing arising from the errors of the opposing side, 
either in the form of bases given on called balls, 
wild pitched balls, passed balls or pitchedballs hit- 
ting the batsman, or by missed third strikes. All 
such errors of the pitcher and catcher being 
known as battery errors, and, in addition to these. 
by dropped fly balls, wildly thrown balls, muff eat 
or fumbled batted balls, or miss catches of thrown 
balls, all known as fielding errors. When these 
offsetting drawbacks are counted in it will be 
seen that the chances for run-getting by the bat- 
ting side or defence force are not so very much 
less than are the chances for putting out the bat- 
ting side by the attacking force. Still, under the 
rules existing up to the date of the baseball 
campaign of 1892, the attacking side decidedly 
had the best of it. 

THE NINE PLAYERS AND THEIR DUTIES. 

The nine players of the attacking or field 
force in the game include the battery^ players, 
viz., the pitcher and catcher —the four infielders, 
viz., the first, second and third basemen and the 
short stop and the three outfielders, which are the 
left, center and right fielders. The main reliance 
of the attacking force is, of course, on the effect- 
ive work of the pitcher and catcher, which two 
players should work together as a team to in- 
sure the utmost success in their positions. The 
most effective of pitchers would fail if not ably 
supported behind the bat by his catcher, and 



the finest of catchers would be comparatively 
useless unless facing a first class pitcher. But 
in their combined work together in the playing 
of strategic points— known as " headwork "— as 
a team they become a very potent factor in win- 
ning games. Then, too, the success of the at- 
tacking force depends largely upon the infield 
team, a quartette of fielders which need to play 
together as a team as much as the battery play- 
ers ; the first baseman acting as the receiver of 
the majority of balls fielded in by the other two 
base players and the short stop, while the second 
baseman occupies the key position of the infield, 
inasmuch as tie not only has to cover his own po- 
sition, but also that at right short ; while the 
third baseman's duties involve the longest dis- 
tance of throwing to first base of the infield, as 
also the catching of difficult high foul fly balls. 
The short stop is the rover of the diamond field ; 
he backing up every position, besides covering 
his own portion of the field, thus playing fre- 
quently as a second baseman and also as a third 
baseman. 

The three outfielders should especially work 
together as a team, each man being on the move 
the moment the ball is batted to any part of the 
outfield, the one nearest the flying ball being 
left to catch it, while the others move so as to be 
ready to assist in throwing the ball in, or to be 
in readiness to field the ball in case the catch 
be missed. The left and center fielders have 
the most frequent chance for catches, while the 
right fielder occupies the position requiring the 
most " headwork " in play, as, under the modern 
rule of play, right field hitting is a strong point 
for the batting force to play, and short fly balls 
are sent in that direction more frequently than 
to left or center. 

The four infielders not only require to be espe- 
cially well up in fielding hard hit bounding balls, 
or " daisy cutters " — sharp hits close along the 
surface of the field— but they also need to be very 
accurate throwers forsbort distances, say from 
thirty to fifty yards ; while the outfielders need 
to be not only first class judges of high fly balls, 
but also long distance throwers, from seventy- 
five to a hundred yards at least. 

THE PITCHING DEPARTMENT. 

The pitcher of a nine requires to be a player 
who in doing the work of his position possesses 
that most important essential of first-class work, 
thorough command of the ball in delivery. Having 
complete mastery of the ball, and being in full 
control of his temper — another very important 
requisite— the secondary requirements of speed 
in delivery, and the ability to curve the ball to 
the required extent, come into play with telling 
effect ; but without control of the ball and of the 
player's temper, the other essentials fail to off- 
set the loss of the two great points of excellence 
in pitching. 

Next to the full command of the ball comes 
the ability to use the horizontal curves of the 
ball in its progress to the bat to the best ad- 
vantage, and this can only be done where the 
pitcher can send each curved ball ovei~ the plate, 
or so near over that the batsman is deceived in 
judging the line of the ball. The third element 
of success in pitching is speed, and this, too, 
like the handling of the several curves, finds its 
advantage only when the ball, when swiftly 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



pitched, is under full control in directing it ; 
wild pitching, whether with curves or without 
them, being very costly in " battery " errors. 

One rule every pitcher would find it advan- 
tageous to follow is that of sending in the ma- 
jority of the halls over the " plate "—viz., the 
home base. This obliges the batsman to act 
quickly. Especially is this a point to play when 
a runner is on first base. All " points " of this 
character constitute strategic skill, or headwork 
in fielding, and the most skillful strategic work 
in the box is seen when batsmen are thoroughly 
deceived in judging the line of the ball's de- 
livery. 

DELIVERING THE BALL TO THE BAT. 

The appended cuts show how the pitcher has 
to stand — under the revised code of rules of 1893 
— when about to deliver the ball to the bat. 

In figure A the pitcher 
is seen standing in his po- 
sition in right form, ready 
to throw to the bat as re- 
quired by the new rules. 
If, while standing with his 
foot on his position, as in 
figure A. he takes any step 
whatever, he must deliver 
the ball to the bat, other- 
wise he makes a balk. The 
step taken is shown in 
figure B. It will be seen 
that the pitcher, when 
about to deliver the ball to 
the bat— as is shown in 
figure B— has hiB pivot foot 
on the space of ground — 
12 inches long and 4 inch- 
es wide — which consti- 
tutes the pitcher's "box" 
under the new code, and 
within this space his pivot 
foot must stand when he 
takes his forward step in 
delivery, and of course he 
can take but one such 
step. If he desires to 
throw to any base except 
the home base to catch a runner off the base, 
he must first stand outside the "box" space, 
and when so standing he can take any step he 
likes. But before he can throw to the batsman 
he must place his foot on the "box" space, 
otherwise he makes a balk in throwing to the 
batsman. 

The new rules governing the delivery of the 
ball to the bat are as follows : 

Rule 5. The pitcher's boundary shall be 
marked by a white rubber plate 12 inches long 
and 4 inches wide, so fixed to the ground as to be 
even with the surface, at the distance of 60 feet 
6 inches from the outer corner of the home plate, 
so that a line drawn from the center of the home 
plate to the center of the second base will give 
6 inches on either side. 

Rule 27. The pitcher's position. The pitcher 
shall take bis position facing the batsman with 
both feet squarely upon the ground, one foot in 
front of and in contact with the pitcher's plate, 
defined in Bule 5. He shall not raise either foot 
unless in the act of delivering the ball, nor 
make more than one step in such delivery. He 



shall hold the ball before delivery /airZu in front 
of his body and in sight of the umpire. When the 
pitcher feints to throw the ball to a base he must 
resume the above position and pause momen- 
tarily before delivering the ball to the bat. 

The rules defining the delivery of fair and 
unfair balls to the bat are as follows : 

Rule 28. A fair ball is a ball delivered by the 

Eitcher while standing wholly within the lines of 
is position, and facing the batsman, the ball so 
delivered to pass over the home base, not loioer 
than the batsman's knee, nor higher than his 
shoulder, provided a ball so delivered that 
touches the bat of the batsman in his po- 
sition shall be considered a batted ball, and in 
play. 

Rule 29. An unfair ball is a ball delivered 
by the pitcher, as in Rule 28, except that the ball 
does not pass over the home base, or does pass 




Fig. B. 



over the home base above the batsman's shoul- 
der or belovj the knee. 

THE THEORY OF THE CURVE. 

The theory of imparting a curve to the ball as 
it goes horizontally through the air from the 
pitcher's hand to4he bat is very simple. 

The position when in the act of delivering a 
curved ball is shown in the appended cut, which 
presents a picture of the California statue en- 
titled " The Ball Thrower," the player who posed 
for it being Douglas Tilden, of California. It 
shows him holding the ball ready to give it the 
rotary motion which develops the horizontal 
curve in delivery. 

The theory of the curve in delivery is based 
on the fact that there is a retarding effect pro- 
duced on that side of the ball which passes 
through the air quicker than that of the other 
side ; and to produce this retarding effect the 
ball must be made to rotate on its axis hori- 
zontally as it passes through the air, the re- 
tarding of the ball causing the curve. It will 
be seen that the chief difficulty in producing 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



the curve lies in the power to give the hall the 
required twist or rotary motion. This can only 
be acquired by constant practice and under the 
direction of an experienced curve pitcher. 




One of these latter "artists of the box," Mr. J. 
Howard Subers, thus instructs novices in the 
art of curved pitching as follows : 

Out-Curve. — This is the most common, and 
without which the average pitcher cannot hope 
to be effective. 

It comes straight from the hand and then 
curves away from the batsman. This curve may 
be obtained by holding the ball firmly in the 
right hand with the tips of the first two fingers 
and thumb ; close the other two fingers in the 
palm of the hand. 




Use the underhand throw and bring the hand 
forward half-way between the waist and shoul- 




slide across (not over the tip) the fingers and 
out between the first finger and thumb., 

In-Shoot — Is almost as common as the " out- 
curve." It comes straight for a distance, and 
then curves in toward the batsman. 

It is produced by holding the ball in the right 
hand with the first three fingers pressed to the 
seam of the ball, and the thumb resting lightly 
on top of the ball. 




Use a straight arm, throw level with the 
shoulder, allowing the ball to glide out across 




the tips of the fingers with the palm of the hand 
facing the left. 

A loft-handed pitcher, by following the above 
directions for an "out-curve," will produce the 
" in-sboot," because the ball will revolve in the 
opposite direction. The same may also be said 
if a left-handed pitcher follows the above rules, 
for the "in-shoot" he will produce the "out- 
curve." 

Drop Ball. — It comes straight from the pitch- 
er's hand and drops to the ground a short dis- 
tance from the batsman. Hold the ball as for 
an " in-shoot," with the tips of the fingers firmly 
on the seam. 




Use the underhand throw, which carries the 
hand between the waist and knee, allowing the 
ball to roll off the tips of the fingers with the 



der, releasing the ball with tne palm upwards 
and the thumb drawn back, allowing the ball to 




palm of the hand upward and the fingers point- 
ing toward the catcher. 

THE BATTING DEPARTMENT. 

Skillful work in handlingtho batin baseball i* 
far more rare in the game now than is effective 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



pitching or fine fielding, simply because custom, 
in the methods of practicing the game, gives 
every advantage for improvement in the field- 
ing department and none at all to that of the 
batting. The -weakest phase of batting, too, 
is that which has been most encouraged under 
the existing scoring rules, up to the close of the 
season of 1892. In the preliminary practice in- 
dulged iu before commencing match games, 
the fielders have the best practice and the bats- 
men none at all. While this kind of thing pre- 
vails how can batting improve ? All the practice 
the batting side has in the preliminary half hour 
before the match game begins, is in batting high 
balls into the air to give" the fielders chances 
for catches, this being technically termed 
" fungo " hitting. It is worse than useless for 
batting practice, as it trains the eye of the bate- 
man to gauge a ball falling perpendicularly to 
the bat, and instead of judging the ball com- 
ing to the bat on a horizontal line, as in the reg- 
ular delivery of the ball from the bat in a match 
game ; the result is that batsmen learn to bat 
balls in the air instead of batting them to the 
ground. 

TEAM WORK AT THE BAT. 

This great essential in successful batting is 
only accomplished when the batting side go to 
the bat solely to bat base runners around the 
diamond, and not when their chief efforts are 
devoted to making a record of total bases scored 
by their hits. " Team work " at the bat in- 
volves united effort on the part of the defense 
side in the game to handle their bats so as to 




forward runners on the bases ; and this is best 
accomplished when single base hits are made, 
for then the least fatigue is encountered in run- 
ning bases. Long showy hits to the outfield 
affording chances for catches do not count in 
"team work at the bat." It is only the placed 
ball from the bat that tells then. To place a 
ball from the bat is to hit it to any specified or 
desired part of -the field. It ia the very oppo- 
site of the weak fungo hit, and it is the acme of 
skill at the bat. 

THE POSIT/OH AT THE BAT. 

In learning to bat correctly, getting the right 
position in the very beginning is very essential. 
Here are two cuts illustrative of a good and bad 
position in batting. 

The bat should be poised over the shoulder 
just prior to striking at the ball, so as to insure a 
good aim in swinging it forward to hit at the 
ball ; and the forward swing should be made so 
as to meet the ball on the line of its delivery, 
and not in such a half circle as to swing under 
the line of the ball, thereby hitting it in the air, 
but rather so as to hit it down to the ground. 
To hold the bat forward of the batsman's per- 
son is to oblige him to make a double swing of 
the bat, one backward and the other forward, 
thereby weakening tho aim of the stroke. In 
standing within the lines of the position, stand 
so as to allow your back foot to act as a pivot, 
with the forward foot free to move, so as to give 
special direction to the forward swing, either to 
the right or center field, as occasion may re- 
quire. 

BATTING FOR THE RUNNER. 

To bat so as to forward base runners from 
base to base by your hit, should bo the sole 
object of the team-worker at the bat. When 
no runner is on the bases he can either go 
in tor a single hit, or for a hard hit liner to 
the outfield yielding two or three bases. 
But leading off for a home run hit does not 

Eay in the long run. Of course, when the 
ases are filled then it is worth the risk 
to try for a homer, especially when two 




THE CORRECT POSITION. 



THE BAD POSITION. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



men are out, and no sacrifice hit can then be 
made. 

The mainobject of the batsman, when he goes 
in at the bat to forward a runner around the 
bases, should be to placethe ball ; that is, to hit it 
to some particular part of the field best calcu- 
lated to help the runner to one or more bases. 
The best placed ball in such case is, of course, a 
hit to right field, on which side of the diamond 
the fewest fielders stand ready to field the ball, 
as there are but the first baseman and right 
fielder to attend to a right field hit, while a hit 
to the left or left center is covered by the third 
baseman, the left fielder, the shorb stop and the 
second baseman. Sometimes a good judge of a 
batsman will cover right short field in expecta- 
tion of a place hit, but generally there are but 
two men to cover such a hit ball. 

SAFE HITS. 

No ball hit high in the air is a " safe hit," 
every chance offered the field aide for a catch 
showing the weakest kind of batting, oven if it 
be a showy long bit to the outfield, known as 
the fungo hit, viz., a hit offering a chance for a 
catch to an -outfielder. Any hit which sends the, 
ball to the fielders, either on the bound or close 
along the surface of the ground— as in the case 
of a "daisy cutter" — is superior to the fungo 
hit, even if it be direct to the fielder, as it may 
have an ugly twist imparted to it by the stroke 
of the bat. 

A safe tap of the ball to short outfield, too far 
out for any infielder to get under, and yet not 
far enough out to admit even of a running catch 
by an outfielder, is a place hit, and It is one re- 
quiring close calculation of the pitching, and 
judgment in gauging the forward swing of the 
bat so as to ensure safety from an outfield catch. 
Of course the perfect tap hit is that which sends 
it on a short line over the infielders' heads and 
then direct to the ground. 

Next to the safe tap in place hitting comes 
that most difficult of all hits, the base hit bunt. 
This hit requires the most skillful handling of 
the bat in making it bunt the ball, not hit it, 
that is, letting the ball simply rebound from the 
bat as it is held for the ball to hit it. The point 
in this play is to hit the ball direct to the ground 
in such a way as to deaden its motion. Another 
good bunt is to let the ball rebound from the 
bat so as to rise just above the height of the 
batsman, and to fall to the ground on fair 
ground, and rebound to foul ground. This kind 
of hit invariably earns a base. Bunting is, of 
course, only likely to be successful when the 
catcher is not close up behind the bat. 

Next to the bunt comes the sacrifice hit. Now, 
no skillful batsman goes to the bat purposely to 
make a sacrifice hit, for that would be as bad as 
to hit " fungoes." His object every time should 
be a base hit ; but when a runner is on the base, 
his efforts in trying for a base hit should be to 
make the attempt to hit tor a base in such a way 
as to ensure a sacrifice hit if the base hit should 
fail. A sacrifice hit is only made when the bail 
from the hit goes to the field in such a way as to 
oblige the fielder to throw it to first base, thereby 
safely forwarding the runner. There is an ex- 
ception to this rule when one man only is out, 
and that is in the case of a long hit to the out- 



field, which, if the ball bo caught, enables the 
runner to steal a base on the catch, this being 
known as a sacrifice fly . But this play is now 
useless under the new code. 

Batting in baseball " up to date " may be said 
to be a neglected art. Not one batsman in a 
hundred ever thinks of studying the art of bat- 
ting. Headwork batsmen like Ward, O'Bourke, 
Ewing, Anson and a few others, make efforts 
that way, but the majority take up their bats 
and go in for slugging at the ball with all 
their might, trusting to chance as to where the 
ball will go, their single idea being to send it as 
far out iu the field as possible, only a small 
minority taking their stand at the bat well 
posted in all the points of team work at the bat, 
ready to match strategic skill in handling the 
ash point for point against headwork pitch- 
ing from the " box." In studying the art of bat- 
ting, an important point is that of learning the 
bearings of the natural swing of the bat in meet- 
ing the ball, and the different results which fol- 
low a swift and a slow stroke in measuring the 
forward ewing of the bat, a swift stroke meeting 
the ball forward of the base, and a slow stroke 
backward of it. The lines of these various 
strokes are seen in the appended cut. 




This point of studying up the bearings of the 
forward swing of the bat, combined with the 
point of facing for position, make up the art of 
batting. This facing for position isa subject 
calling for some study of the rules which govern 
it. Just as a man stands at the bat, just so will 
the regular or forward swing of the bat meet 
the ball, all things, of course, being equal, viz., 
the rapidity of the forward swing being in pro- 
portion to the speed of the delivered ball. But 
the general direction of the ball, from a regular 
and proportioned swing of the bat, is governed 
by the manner in which the batsman stands 
when prepared to strike at the ball— that is, in 
proportion as be "faces" for the right, the. 
center or the left. As a general rule, in order to 
send a ball to the right he should face almost as 
if the first baseman was going to pitch the ball 
to him, and not to the pitcher. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



Here is a cut showing how the batsman should 
stand when facing for a right field hit. 







THE ART OF BASE RUNNING. 

Base running in baseball has come to be as 
much of an art almost as strategic pitching, 
and it is certainly one of the most important 
elements of success in the game. Your team 
may include one of the best " batteries " — 
pitcher and catcher— in the profession, and also 
have an excellent supporting team in the field ; 
but without the strong point of excellence in 
base running in your team, a third of its strength 
will be wanting at the least. Effective pitch- 
ing is a great aid to success, so is skillful bat- 
ting ; but it is equally as necessary to a success- 
ful issue of the contest after a base has been 
obtained by a good hit, that other bases should 
be secured by skillful running of bases. It is 
a difficult task to get to first base safely in the 
face of the effectual fire from a first-class club 
" battery," backed up by good support in the 
field ; but it is still more difficult when the base 
is safely reached, to secure the other three 
bases. The fact is, a greater degree of intelli- 
gence is required in the player who would 
excel in base running than is needed either in 
fielding or in batting. Any soft-brained heavy 
weight can occasionally hit a ball for a home 
run, but it requires a shrewd, intelligent player, 
with his wits about him, to make a successful 
base runner. Indeed, base running is the most 
difficult work a player has to do in the game. 
To coyer infield positions properly, a degree of 
intelligence in the player is required which the 
majority do not as a general rule possess ; but 
to excel in base running such mental qualifica- 
tions are required as only a small minority are 
found to possess. Presence of mind, prompt 
action on the spur of the moment, quick, ess of 
perception, and coolness and nerve are a.nong 
the requisites of a successful base runner. Play- 
ers habitually accustomed to hesitate to do this, 
that or the other, in attending to the varied 
points of a game, can never become good base 
runners. There is so little time allowed to judge 



of the situation that prompt action becomes a 
necessity with the base runner. He must 
" hurry up " all the time. Then, too, he must 
be daring in taking risks, while at the same 
time avoiding recklessness in running. Though 
fast running is an important aid in base run- 
ning, a fast runner who lacks judgment, cool- 
ness, and, in fact, " headwork " in his running, 
will not equal a poor runner who possesses 
the nerve and intelligence required for the 
work. The great point in the art of base run- 
ning is to know when to start, and to start 
promptly when the favorable opportunity is 
offered. 

THE NEW RULES OF THE GAME. 

The code of playing rules of the National 
League of Professional Ball Clubs governs every 
professional club in the country for 1893. The 
revision made by the committee of rules of the 
league, and adopted March 8, 1893, resulted in 
the following code of playing rules which con- 
tain many important changes made in the code 
of 1892. 

THE PLAYING RULES OF PROFESSIONAL 
BASEBALL CLUBS. 

AS ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL LEAGUE AND 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PROFES- 
SIONAL BASEBALL CLUBS. 

THE BALL GROUND. 

Rule 1. The ground must be an inclosed 
field, sufficient in si^e to enable each player to 
play in his position as required by these rules. 

Rule 2. The infield must be a space of 
ground thirty yards square. 

the bases. 

Rule 3. The bases must be : 

Sec. 1, Four in number, and designated as 
first base, second base, third base and home 
base. 

Sec. 2. The home base must be of whitened 
rubber twelve inches square, so fixed in the 
ground as to be even with the surface, and so 
placed in the corner of the infield that two of i| r 
sides will form part of the boundaries of sa*" 
infield. 

Sec. 3. The first, second and third bases 
must be white canvas bags, fifteen inches square, 
and filled with some soft material, and so placed 
that the center of the second base shall be upon 
its corner of the infield, and the center of the 
first and third bases shall be on the lines run- 
ning to and from second base and seven and 
one-half inches from the foul lines, providing 
that each base shall be entirely within the foul 
lines. 

Sec. 4. All the bases must be securely fas- 
tened in their positions. 

THE FOUL LINES. 

Rule 4. The foul lines must be drawn in 
straight bines from the outer corner of the home 
base, along the outer edge of the first and third 
bases, to the boundaries of the ground. 

THE POSITION LINES. 

Rule 5. The pitcher's boundary shall be 
marked by a white rubber plate twelve inches 
long and four inches wide, so fixed in the ground 



10 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF- OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



as to be even with the surface at the distance of 
sixty feet six inches from the outer corner of 
the home plate, so that a line drawn from the 
center of the home base and the center of the 
second base shall give six inches on either side. 

Rule 6. The catcher's lines must be drawn 
from the outer corner of the home base, in con- 
tinuation of the foul lines, straight to the limits 
of the ground back of the home base. 

Rule 7. The captain's or coacher's line-must 
be a line fifteen feet from and parallel with the 
foul lines, said lines commencing at a line par- 
allel with and seventy-five feet distant from the 
catcher's lines, and running thence to the limits 
of the grounds. 

Rule 8. The player's lines must be drawn 
from the catcher's ' lines to the limits of the 
ground, fifty feet distant from and parallel with 
the foul lines. 

Rule 9. The batsman's lines must be straight 
lines forming the boundaries of a space on the 
right, and of a similar space on the left of the 
borne base, six feet long by four feet wide, ex- 
tending three feet in front of and three feet be- 
hind the center of the home base, and with its 
nearest hue distant six inches from the home 
base. 

Rule 10. The three feet lines must be drawn 
as follows : From a point on the foul line from 
home base to first base, and equally distant 
from such bases shall be .drawn a line on foul 
ground, at a right angle t/asaid foul line, and to 
a point, three feet distant from it ; thence run- 
ning parallel with said foul lino, to a point three 
feet distant from the first base ; thence in a 
straight line to the foul line, and thence upon 
the foul line to point of beginning. 

Rule 11. The lines designated in Rules 4, 
6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 must be marked with chalk or 
other suitable material, so as to be distinctly 
seen by the umpire. They must all be so marked 
their entire length, except the captain's and 
player's lines, which must be so marked for a 
distance of at least thirty-five yards from the 
catcher's lines. 



THE BALL. 



bai 



tnRuLE 12. The ball : 
a F sec. 1. Must not weigh less than five or more 
,, than five and one-quarter ounces avoirdupois, 
and measure not less than nine, nor more than 
nine and one-quarter inches in circumference. 
The Spalding League Ball or the Reach Ameri- 
can Association Ball must be used in all games 
played under these rules. 

Sec. 2. For each championship game two 
balls shall be furnished by the home club to the 
umpire for use. When the ball in play is bat- 
ted over the fence or stands, on to foul ground 
out of sight of the players, the other ball shall 
be immediately put into play by the umpire. As 
often as one of the two in use shall be lost, a new 
one must be substituted, so that the umpire 
shall at all times, after the game begins, have 
two for use. The moment the umpire delivers 
a new or alternate ball to the pitcher it comes 
into play, and shall not be exchanged until it, 
in turn, passes out of sight on to foul ground. 
At no time shall the ball be intentionally discol- 
ored by rubbing it with the soil or otherwise. 

Sec. 3. In all games the ball or balls played 
with shall be furnished by the home club, and 
the last ball in play becomes the property of 



the winning club. Each ball to be used 
in championship games shall be examined, 
measured and weighed by the secretary of the 
association, enclosed in a paper box and sealed 
with the seal of the secretary, which seal shall 
not be broken except by the umpire in the pres- 
ence of the captains of the two contesting nines 
after play has been called. 

Sec. 4. Should the ball become out of shape, 
or cut or ripped so as to expose the yarn, or in 
any way soinjured as to be — in the opinion of 
the umpire— unfit for fair use, the umpire, upon 
being appealed to by either captain, shall at 
once put the alternate ball into play and call for 
a new one. 

THE BAT. 

Rule 13. The bat : 

Must be made wholly of hard wood, except that 
the handle may be wound with twine, or a gran- 
ulated substance applied, not to exceed eighteen 
inches from the end. 

It must be round, not exceed two and one- 
half inches in diameter in the thickest part, and 
must not exceed forty-two inches in length. 

THE PLAYEBS AND THEIE POSITIONS. 

Rule 14. The players of each club in a game 
shall be nine in number, one of whom shall act 
as captain, and in no case shall less than nine 
men be allowed to play on each side. 

Rule 15. The players' positions shall be 
such as may be assigned them by their captain, 
except that the pitcher must take the position 
as defined in Rules 5 and 18. 

Rule 16. Players in uniform shall not be per- 
mitted to occupy seats among the spectators. 

Rule 17. Every club shall adopt uniforms 
for its players, but no player shall attach any- 
thing to the sole or heel of his shoes other than 
the ordinary baseball shoe plate. 

PLAYEBS' BENCHES. 

Rule 18. The players' benches must be furn- 
ished by the home club, and j>laced upon a 
portion of the ground outside of, and notnearer 
than twenty feet to the players' lines. One such 
bench must be for the exclusive use of the vis- 
iting club and one for the exclusive use of the 
home club, and the players of the competing 
teams shall be required to occupy their respect- 
ive benches during the progress of the game. 

THE GAME. 

Rule 19. Section 1. Every championship 
game must be commenced no later than two 
hours before sunset. 

Sec. 2. A game shall consist of nine innings 
to each contesting nine, except that, 

(a) If the side first at bat scores less runs in 
nine innings than the other side has scored in 
eight innings, the game shall then terminate. 

(b) If the side last at bat in the ninth inning 
scores the winning run before the third man is 
out, the game shall terminate. 

A TIE GAME. 

Rule 20. If the score be a tie at the end of 
nine innings to each side, play shall only be 
continued until the side first at bat shall have 
scored one or more runs than the other side, in 
an equal number of innings, or until the other 
side shall score one or more runs than the side 
first at bat. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



1.1 



A DRAWN GAME. 

Rule 21. A drawn game shall be declared by 
the umpire when he terminates a game on ac- 
count of darkness or. rain, after five equal in- 
nings have been played if the score at that time 
is equal on the last even innings played ; but if 
the side that went second to the bat is then at 
the bat and has scored the same number of runs 
as the other side, the umpire shall declare the 
game drawn without regard to the score of the 
last equal innings. 

A CALLED GAME. 

Rule 22. If the umpire calls "game" on ac- 
count of darkness or rain at any time after five 
innings have been completed, the score shall 
be that of the last equal innings played, unless 
the side second at bat shall shall haved scored 
one or more runs than the side first at bat, in 
which case the score of the game shall be the 
total number of runs made. 

A FORFEITED- GAME. 

Rule 23. A forfeited game shall be declared 
by the umpire in favor of the club not in fault, 
at the request of such club, in the following 
cases : 

Sec. 1. If the nine of a club fail to appear 
upon a field, or beiug upon a field fail to begin 
the game within five minutes after the um- 
pire has called " play," at the hour appointed 
for the beginning of the game, unless such de- 
lay in appearing or in commencing the game be 
unavoidable. 

Sec. 2. If, after the game has begun, one side 
refuses or fails to continue playing, unless such 
game has been suspended or terminated by the 
umpire. 

Sec. 3. If, after play has been suspended by 
the umpire, one side fails to resume playing 
within one minute after the umpire has called 
" play." 

Sec. 4. If a team resorts to dilatory practice 
to delay the game. 

Sec. 5. If, in the opinion of the umpire, any 
one of these rules is wilfully violated. 

Sec. 6. If, after ordering the removal of a 
player, as authorized by Rule 56, Sec. 5, said 
order is not obeyed within five minutes. 

Sec. 7. In case the umpire declares a game 
forfeited, he shall transmit a written notice 
thereof to the president of the association 
within twenty-four hours thereafter. 

NO GAME. 

Rule 24. "No Game " shall be declared by 
the umpire if he shall terminate play on account 
of rain or darkness, before five innings on each 
side are completed except in a case when the 
game is called, the club second at bat shall have 
more runs at the end of its fourth inning than 
the club first at bat has made in its five innings. 
Then the umpire shall award the game to the 
club having made the greatest number of runs, 
and it shall be a game, and be so counted in 
the championship record. 

substitutes. 

Rule 25. Section 1. In every championship 
game each team shall be required to have pres- 
ent on the field, in uniform, one or more substi- 
tute players. 

Sec. 2. Any such player may be substituted 



at any time by either club, but no player thereby 
retired shall thereafter participate in the game. 
Sec. 3. The base runner shall not have a 
substitute run for him, except by consent of the 
captains of the contesting teams. 

CHOICE OF INNINGS— CONDITION OF OROUND. 

Rule 26. The choice of innings shall be 
given to the captain of the home club, who shall 
also be the sole judge of the fitness of the 
ground for beginning a game after raia. 

THE PITCHER'S POSITION. 

Rule 27. Th9 pitcher shall take his position 
facing the batsman with both feet square on the 
ground, and in front of tho pitcher's plate, but 
in the act of delivering the ball one foot must 
be in contact with the - pitcher's plate defined in 
Rule 5. He shall not raise either foot, unless 
in the act of delivering the ball, nor make more 
than one t^tep in such delivery. He shall hold 
the ball, before delivery, fairly in front of his 
body, and in sight of the umpire. When the 
pitcher feigns to throw the ball to a base he 
must resume the above position and pause mo- 
mentarily before delivering the ball to the bat. 

THR DELIVERY OFJTHE BALL— FAIR AND UNFAIR 
BALLS. 

Rule 28. A fair ball is a ball delivered by 
the pitcher while standing in his position, and 
facing the batsman, the ball so delivered to 
pass over the home base, not lower than the 
batsman's knee, nor higher than his shoulder. 

Rule 29. An unfair ball is a ball delivered 
by the pitcher, as in Rule 28, except that the 
ball does not pass over the home base, or does 
pass over the home base above the batsman's 
shoulder or below the knee. 



BALKING. 

, A balk shall be 

1. Any motion made by the pitcher 
the ball to the bat without deliver- 



Rule 30 

Section 
to deliver 
ing it. 

Sec. 2. 
so long as 

Sec. 3. 
the bat by 
defined in 



The holding of the ball by the pitcher 
to delay the game unnecessarily. 
Any motion in delivering the ball t 
the pitcher while not in the posL 
Rule 27. 



DEAD BALLS. 

Rule 31. A dead ball is a ball delivered to 
the bat by the pitcher that touches any part of 
the batsman's person or clothing while standing 
in his position without being struck at ; or any 
part of the umpire's person or clothing, while on 
foul ground, without first passing the catcher. 

Rule 32. In case of a foul strike, foul hit 
ball not legally caught out, dead ball oi 
runner put out for being struck by a fair hit 
ball, the ball shall not bo considered in play 
until it is held by the pitcher standing in his 
position. 

BLOCK BALLS. 

Rule 33. Section 1. A block is a batted or 
thrown ball that is stopped or handled by any 
person not engaged ii i the game. 

Sec. 2. Whenever I block occurs the umpire 
shall declare it, and baso runners may run the 
bases without being put out until the ball has 
been returned to xud held by tho pitcher stand- 
ing in his position, 



12 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



Sec. 3. In ease of a block if the person not 
engaged in the game should retain possession 
of the ball, or throw or kick it beyond the reach 
of the fielders, the umpire shall call " time," 
and require each base runner to stop at the 
last base touched by him until the ball be re- 
turned to the pitcher standing in his position. 

THE BATSMAN'S POSITION— OEDEE OF BATTING. 

Rule 34. The batsmen must take their posi- 
tions within the batsmen's lines, as defined in 
Rule 9, in the order in which they are named in 
the batting order, which batting order must be 
submitted by the captains of the opposing teams 
to the umpire before the game, and when ap- 
proved by him this batting order must be fol- 
lowed, except in the case of a substitute player, 
in which case the substitute must take the place 
of the original player in the batting order. After 
the first inning the first striker in each inning 
shall be the batsman whose name follows that 
of the last man who has completed his turn 
— time at bat— in the preceding inning. 

Rule 35. Section 1. When their side goes 
to the bat the players must immediately return 
to the players' bench as defined in Rule 18, and 
remain there until the side is put out, except 
when batsman or base runner ; provided that 
the captain and one assistant only may occupy 
the space between the players' lines and the 
captain's lines to coach base runners. 

Sec. 2. No player -of the side at bat, except 
when batsman, shall occupy any portion of the 
space within the catcher's lines, as defined in 
Rule 6. The triangular space behind the home 
base is reserved for the exclusive use of the 
umpire, catcher and batsman, and the umpire 
must prohibit any player of the side "at bat" 
from crossing the same at any time while the 
ball is in the hands of or passing between the 
pitcher and catcher while standing in their po- 
sitions. 

Sec. 3. The players of the side "at bat" 
must occupy the portion of the field allotted 
them, but must speedily vacate any portion 
thereof that may be in the way of the ball, or any 
fielder attempting to catch or field it. 

the batting eules. 
} n t,ULE 36. A fair hit is a ball batted by the 
batsman, standing in his position, that first 
touches the ground, the first base, the third 
base, any part of the person of a player, um- 
pire or any object in front of or on foul lines, or 
batted directly to the ground by the batsman, 
stanrling in his position, that (whether it first 
touches foul or fair ground) bounds or rolls 
within the foul lines, between home and first, 
or home and third bases, without interference by 
*> a player. 
\ Rule 37. A foul hit is a ball batted by the 
batsman, standing in his position, that first 
touches the ground, any part of the person of a 
player, or any object behind either of the foul 
lines, or that strikes the person of such bats- 
man, while standing in his position, or batted 
directly to the ground by the batsman, stand- 
ing in his position, that (whether it first touches 
foul or fair ground) bounds or rolls outside the 
foul lines, between home and first or home 
and third bases without interference by a 
player. Provided, that a foul hit not rising 
above the batsman's head and caught by the 



catcher playing within ten feet of the home base, 
shall be termed a foul tip. 

BALLS BATTED OUTSIDE THE GEOUNDS. 

Rule 38. When a batted ball passes outside 
the grounds, the umpire shall decide it fair 
should it disappear within, or foul should it 
disappear outside of the range of the foul lines, 
and Rules 36 and 37 are to be construed accord- 
ingly. 

Rule 39. A fair batted ball that goes over 
the fence shall entitle the batsman to a home 
run, except that should it go over the fence at a 
less distance than two hundred and thirty-five 
feet from the home base, when he shall be en- 
titled to two bases, and a distinctive line shall 
be marked on the fence at this point. 

STEIKES. 

Rule 40. A strike is 

Section 1. A ball struck at by the batsman 
without its touching his bat ; or 

Sec. 2. A fair ball legally delivered by the 
pitcher, but not struck at by the batsman. 

Sec. 3. Any obvious attempt to make a foul 
hit. 

Rule 41. A foul strike is a ball batted by the 
batsman when any part of his person is upon 
ground outside the lines of the batsman's po- 
sition. 

THE BATSMAN IS OUT. 

Rule 42. The batsman is out : 

Section 1. If be fails to take his position at 
the bat in his order of batting, unless the error 
be discovered and the proper batsman takes his 
position before a fair hit has been made ; and in 
such case the balls and strikes called must be 
counted in the time at bat of the proper bats- 
man. Provided, this rule shall not take effeot 
unless the out is declared before the baliis de- 
livered to the succeeding batsman. 

Sec. 2. If he fails to take his position within 
one minute after the umpire has called for the 
batsman. 

Sec. 3. If he makes a foul hit other than a 
foul tip, as defined in Rule 37, and the ball be 
momentarily held by a fielder before touching 
the ground, provided it be not caught in a field- 
er's hat or cap, or touch some other object than 
a fielder before being- caught. 

Sec. 4. If he makes a foul strike. 

Sec. 5. If he attempts to hinder the catcher 
from fielding or throwing the ball by stepping 
outside the lines of his position, or otherwise 
obstructing or interfering with that player. 

Sec. 6. If, while the first base be occupied by 
a base runner, three strikes be called on him by 
the umpire, except when two men are already 
out. 

Sec. 7. If, after two strikes have been called 
the batsman obviously attempts to make a foul 
hit, as in Section 3, Rule 40. 

BASE RUNNING RULES. 

WHEN THE BATSMAN BECOMES A BASE EUNNEB. 

Rule 43. The batsman becomes a base run- 
ner : 

Section 1. Instantly after he makes a fair 
hit. 

Sec. 2. Instantly after four balls have been 
called by the umpire. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



13 



Sec. 3. Instantly after three strikes have been 
declared by the umpire. 

Sec. 4. If, while he be a batsman, his person 
— excepting hands or forearm, which makes it. 
a dead ball— or clothing be hit by a ball from the 
pitcher, unless — in the opinion of the umpire — 
he intentionally permits himself to be so hit. 

Sec. 5. Instantly after an illegal delivery of a 
ball by the pitcher. 

BASES TO BE TOUCHED. 

Eule 44. The base runner must touch each 
base in regular order, viz., first, second, third 
and home bases ; and when obliged to return 
(except on a foul hit) must retouch the base or 
bases in reverse order. He shall only be con- 
sidered as holding a base after touching it, 
and shall then be entitled to hold such base 
until he has legally touched the next base in 
order, or has been legally forced to vacate it for 
a succeeding base runner. 

ENTITLED TO BASES. 

Rule 45. The base runner shall be entitled, 
without being put out, to take the base in the 
following cases : 

Section 1. If, while he was batsman, the um- 
pire called four balls. 

Sec. 2. If the umpire awards a succeeding 
batsman a base on four balls, or for being hit 
with a pitched ball, or in case of an illegal 
delivery— as in Rule 43, Sec. 4— and the base 
runner is thereby forced to vacate the base 
held by him. 
; Sec. 3. If the umpire calls a " balk." 

Sec. 4. If a ball delivered by the pitcher pass 
the catcher and touch the umpire or any fence 
or building within ninety feet of the home base. 

Sec. 5. If upon a fair hit the ball strikes 
the person or clothing of the umpire on fair 
ground. 

Sec. 6. If he be prevented from making a 
base by the obstruction of an adversary. 

Sec. 7. If the fielder stop or catch a batted 
ball with his hat, or any part of his dress. 

BETUBNING TO BASES. 

Rule 46. The base runner shall return to his 
base, and shall be entitled to so return without 
being put out : 

Section 1. If the umpire declare foul tip (as 
defined in Rule 37) or any other foul hit not 
legally caught by a fielder. 

Sec. 2. If the umpire declares a foul strike. 

Sec. 3. If the umpire declares a dead ball, 
unless it be also the fourth unfair hall, and he 
be thereby forced to take the next base, as pro- 
vided in Rule 45, Sec. 2. 

Sec. 4. If the person or clothing of the 
umpire interferes with the catcher, or he is 
struck by a ball thrown by the catcher to inter- 
cepts base runner. 

WHEN BASE BUNNEBS ABE OUT. 

Rule 47. The base runner is out : 
Section 1. If, after three strikes have been 
declared against him while batsman, and the 
catcher fail to catch the third strike ball, he 
plainly attempts to hinder the catcher from 
fielding the ball. 

Sec. 2. If, haviDg made a fair hit while bats- 
man, such fair hit ball be momentarily held by 



a fielder, before touching the ground, or any 
object other than a fielder : Provided, it be 
not caught in a fielder's hat or cap. 

Sec. 3. If, when the umpire has declared 
three strikes on him, while batsman, the third 
strike ball be momentarily held by a fielder be- 
fore touching the ground : Provided, it be not 
caught in a fielder's hat or cap, or touch some 
object other than a fielder before being cauglu. 

Sec. 4. If, after three strikes or a fair hit, he 
be touched with the ball in the hand of a fielder 
before he shall have touched first base. 

Sec. 5. If, after three strikes or a fair hit, 
the ball be securely held by a fielder, whilo 
touching first base with any part of his person, 
before such base runner touches first base. 

Sec. 6. If, in running the last half of the dis- 
tance from home base to first base, while the 
ball is being fielded to first base, he runs out- 
side the three feet lines, as defined in Rule 10, 
unless to avoid a fielder attempting to field a 
batted ball. 

Sec. 7. If, in running from first to second 
base, from second to third base, or from third to 
home base, he runs more than three feet from a 
direct line between such bases to avoid being 
touched by the ball in the hands of a fielder ; but 
in case a fielder be occupying the base runner's 
proper path, attempting to field a batted ball, 
then the base runner shall run out of the path, 
and behind said fielder, and shall not be de- 
clared out for so doing. 

Sec. B. If he fails to avoid a fielder attempt- 
ing to field a batted ball, in the manner de- 
scribed in Sections 6 and 7 of this rule, or if he 
in any way obstructs a fielder attempting to field 
a batted ball, or intentionally interferes with a 
thrown ball : Provided, that if two or more field- 
ers attempt to field a batted ball, and the base 
runner comes in contact with one or more of 
them, the umpire shall determine which fielder is 
entitled to the benefit of this rule, and shall not 
decide the base runner out for coming in con- 
tact with any other fielder. 

Sec. 9. If, at any time while the ball is in 
play, he be touched by the ball in the hands of 
a fielder, unless some part of his person is 
touching a base he is entitled to occupy : Pro- 
vided, the ball be h Id by the fielder after touch- 
ing him ; but (exception as to first base), in 
running to first base he may overrun said bas6 
without being put out for being off said base 
after first touching it, provided ho returns at 
once and retouches the base, after which he 
may be put out as at any other base. If, in 
overrunning first base, he also attempts to run 
to second base, or, after passing the base he 
turns to his left from the foul line, he shall 
forfeit such exemption from being put out. 

Sec. 10. If, when a fan or foul hit ball (other 
than a foul tip as referred to in Rule 37) ia 
legally caught by a fielder, such ball is legally 
held by a fielder on the base occupied by the 
base runner when such ball was struck (or the 
base runner be touched with the ball iu the hands 
of a fielder), before he retouches said base after 
such fair or foul hit ball was so caught: Pro- 
vided, that the base runner shall not be out in 
such case, if, after -the ball was legally caught as 
above, it be delivered to the bat by the pitcher 
before the fielder holds it on said base, or 
touches the base runner with it ; but if the base- 
runner in attempting to reach a base, detaches 



u 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



it before being touched or forced out, he shall 
be declared safe. 

Sec. 11. If, when a batsman becomes a base 
runner, the iirst base, or the first and second 
bases, or the first, secoud and tbirdbasos.be oc- 
cupied,any base runner so occupying a base shall 
cease to be entitled to hold it, until any followic g 
base runner is put out, and may be put out at 
the next base or by being touched by the ball in 
the hands of a fielder in the same manner as in 
running to first base, at any time before any 
following base runner is put but. 

Sec. 12. If a fair hit ball strike him before 
touching the -fielder, and in such case no base 
shall be run unless forced by the batsman be- 
coming a base runner, and no run shall be 
scored, or any other base runner put out. 

Sec. 13. If when running to a base or forced to 
return to a base, he fail to touch the intervening 
base or bases if any, in the order prescribed in 
Eule 44, he may be put out at the base he 
fails to touch, or by being touched by the ball 
in the hands of a fielder, in the same manner as 
in running to first base. 

Sec. 14. If, when the umpire calls " play," 
after any suspension of a game, he fails to re- 
turn to and touch the base he occupies when 
"time "was called before touching the next 
base. 

WHEN BATSMAN OE BASE BUNNEE IS OUT. 

Eule 48. The umpire shall declare the bats- 
man or base runner out, without waiting for -an 
appeal for such decision, in all cases where such 
play6r is put out in accordance with these rules, 
except as provided in Eule 47, Sections 10 
and 14. 

COACHING RULES. 

Eule 49. The coachers are restricted to 
coaching the base runner only, and are not al- 
lowed to address any remarks except to the 
p base runner; and then only in words of neces- 
sary direction ; and shall not use language which 
will in any manner refer to or reflect upon a 
player of the opposing club, or the spectators, 
and not more than two coachers, who may be 
one player participating in the game aud any 
other player under contract to it, in the uni- 
form of either club, shall be allowed at any one 
time. To enforce the above the captain of the 
opposite side may call the attention of the 
umpire to the offence, and upon a repetition of 
■ the same the offending player shall be debarred 
from further coaching during the game. 

THE SCORING OF EUNS. 

Eule 50. One run shall be scored every time 
abase runner, after having legally touched the 
first three bases, shall touch the home base be- 
fore three men are put out by (exception). If 
the third man is forced out, or is put out before 
reaching first base, a run shall not be scored. 

THE UMPIRE. 

Eule 51. The umpire shall not be changed 
during the progress of a game, except for reason 
of illness or injury. 

HIS POWERS AND JURISDICTION. 

Eule 52. Section 1. The umpire is master 
of the field from the commencement to the 
termination of the game, and is entitled to the 



respect of the spectators, and any person offer- 
ing any insult or indignity to him must be 
promptly ejected from the grounds. 

Sec. 2. He must be invariably addressed by 
the players as Mr. Umpire : and he must compel 
the players to observe the provisions of all 
the playing rules, and he is hereby invested 
with authority to order any player to do or 
omit to do any act as he may deem necessary, 
to give force and effect to any and all of such 
provisions. - 

SPECIAL DUTIES. 

Eule 53. The umpire's duties shall be as 
follows : 

Section 1. The umpire is the sole and abso- 
lute judge of play. In no instance shall any 
person except the captains of the competing 
teams bo allowed to address him or question 
his decisions, and they can only question him 
on an interpretation of the rules. No manager 
or any other officer of either club shall be per- 
mitted to go on the field or address the umpire, 
under a penalty of a forfeiture of a game. 

Sec. 2. Before the commencement of a game 
the umpire shall see that the rules governing 
all the materials of the game are strictly ob- 
served. He shall ask the captain of the home 
club whether there are any special ground 
rules to be enforced, and if there are, he shall 
see that they are duly enforced, provided they 
do not conflict with any of these rules. 

Sec. 3. The umpire must keep the contesting 
nines playing constantly from the commence- 
ment of the game to its termination, allowing 
such delays only as are rendered unavoidable 
by accident, injury or rain. He must, until the 
completion of' the game, require the players of 
each side to promptly take their positions in the 
field as soon as the third man is put out, and 
must require the first striker of the opposite 
side to be in his position at the bat as soon as 
the fielders are in their places. 

Sec. 4. The umpire shall count and call every 
"unfair ball" delivered by the pitcher, and 
every " dead ball," if also an unfair ball, as a 
"ball," and ho shall also count and call every 
"strike." Neither a "ball" nor a "strike" 
shall be counted or called until the ball has 
passed the home base. He shall also declare 
every " dead ball," "block," "foul hit," "foul 
strike " and " balk." 

CALLING "PLAY" AND "TIME," 

Eule 54. The umpire must call "play" 
promptly at the hour designated by the home 
club, and on the call of "play" the game 
must immediately begin. When he calls " time " 
play shall be suspended nntil he calls " play " 
again, and during the interim no player shall 
be put out, base be run or run be scored. The 
umpire shall suspend play only for an accident 
to himself or a player (but in case of accident to 
a fielder, "time" shall not be called until the 
ball be returned to and held by the pitcher, 
standing in bis position), or in case rain falls so 
heavily thatf the spectators are compelled by 
the severity of the storm to seek shelter, in 
which case he shall note the time of suspension, 
and should such rain continue to fall thirty 
minutes thereafter, he shall terminate the game; 
or to enforce order in- case of annoyance from 
spectators. 



THE MELTABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



15 



Rule 55. The umpire is only allowed, by the 
rules, to call "time " in case of an accident to 
himself or a player, a "block," as referred to in 
Rule 33, Sec. 3, or in case of rain, as defined 
by the rule. 

INFLICTING FINES. 

Rule 56. The umpire is empowered to in- 
flict fines of not less than $5 nor more than $25 
for the first offence on players during the prog- 
ress of a game, as follows : 

Section 1. For indecent or improper lan- 
guage addressed to a spectator, the umpire or 
any player. 

Seo. 2. For the captain or coacher wilfully 
failing to remain within the legal bounds of his 
position, except upon an appeal by the captaiu 
from the umpire's decision upon a misinterpre- 
tation of the rules. 

Sec. 3. For disobedience by a player of any 
other of his orders or for any other violation of 
these rules. 

Sec. 4. In case the umpire imposes a fine on 
a player, he shall at once notify the captain of 
the offending player's side, and shall transmit a 
written notice thereof to the president of the 
Association or League within twenty-fours 
thereafter, under the penalty of having said fine 
taken from his own salary. 

Sec. 5. ' The umpire shall, under no circum- 
stances, remove a player from the game except 
upon a repetition of the offences prescribed in 
Sees. 1, 2 and 3. 

field rules. 

Rule 57. No club shall allow open betting or 
pool selling upon its ground, nor in any build- 
ing owned or occupied by it. 

Rule 58. No person shall be allowed upon 
any part of the field during the progress of the 
game, in addition to the players in uniform, the 
manager on each side and the umpire ; except 
such officers of the law as may be present in 
uniform, and such officials of the homo club as 
may be necessary to preserve the peace. 

Rule 59. No umpire, manager, captain or 
player shall address the spectators during the 
progress of the game, except in case of neces- 
sary explanation. 

Rule 60. Every club shall furnish sufficient 
police force upon its own grounds to preserve 
order, and in the event of a crowd entering the 
field during the progress of a game, and inter- 
fering with the play in any manner, the visiting 
club may refuse to play further until the field 
be cleared. If the ground be not cleared within 
fifteen minutes thereafter, the visiting club may 
claim, and shall bo entitled to, the game by a 
score of nine runs to none (no matter what 
number of innings have been played.) 

GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 

Rule 61. " Play " is the order of the umpire 
to begin the game, or to resume play after its 
suspension. 

Rule 62. " Time " is the order of the umpire 
to suspend play. Such suspension must not ex- 
tend beyond the day of the game. 

Rule 63. " Game " is the announcement by 
the umpire that the game is terminated. 

Rule 64. " An inning " is the term at bat of 
the nine players representing a club in a game, 
and is completed when three of such players 
have been put out as provided in these rules. 



Rule 65. " A time at bat " is the term at bat 
of a batsman. It begins when he takes his po- 
sition, and continues until he is put out or be- 
comes a base runner ; except when, because of 
being hit by a pitched ball, or in case of an il- 
legal delivery by the pitcher, or in case of a sac- 
rifice hit purposely made to the infield, which, 
not being a base hit, advances a base runner 
without resulting in a put out, except to the 
batsman, as in Rule 43. 

Rule 66. " Legal" or "legally " signifies as 
required by these rules. 

SCOKING. 

Rule 67. In order to promote uniformity in 
scoring championship games the following in- 
structions, suggestions and definitions are made 
for the benefit of scorers, and they are re- 
quired to make all scores in accordance there- 
with. 



Section 1. The first item in the tabulated 
score, after the player's name and position, 
shall be the number of times he has been at the 
bat during the game. The time or times when 
the player has been sent to base by being hit by 
a pitched ball, by the pitcher's illegal delivery, 
or by a base on balls, shall not bo included in 
this column. 

Sec. 2. In the second column should be set 
down the runs made by each player. 

Sec, 3. In the third column should be placed 
the first base hits made by each player. A base 
hit should be scored in the following cases : 

When the ball from the bat strikes the ground 
within the foul lines, and out of reach of the 
fielders. 

When a hit ball is partially or wholly stopped 
by a fielder in motion, but such player cannot 
recover himself in time to handle tho ball be- 
fore the striker reaches first base. 

When a hit ball is hit so sharply to an infielder 
that he cannot handle it in time to put out the 
batsman. In case of doubt over this class of 
hits, score a base hit, and exempt the fielder 
from the charge of an error. 

When a ball is hit so slowly toward a fielder 
that he cannot handle it in time to put out the 
batsman. 

That in all cases where a base runner is re- 
tired by being hit by a batted ball, the batsman 
should be credited with a base hit. 

When a batted ball hits the person or clothing 
of the umpire, as defined in Rule 37. 

Sec. 4. In the fourth column shall be placed 
sacrifice bits, which shall be credited to tho 
batsman, Who, when but one man is out ad- 
vances a runner a base on a fly to the outfield or 
a ground hit, which results in putting out tho 
batsman, or would so result if handled without 
error. 

FIELDING. 

Sec. 5. The number of opponents put out by 
each player shall be set down in the fifth column. 
Where a batsman is given out by the umpire for 
a foul strike, or where the batsman fails tn bar 
in proper order, the put out shall bo scored to 
the catcher. 

Sec. 6. The number of times the player as- 
sists shall bo sot down in the sixth column. An 
assist should be given to each player win 



16 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



dies the ball in assisting a run out or other play 
of the kind. 

An assist should be given to a player who 
makes a play in time to put a runner out, even 
if the player who could complete the play fails, 
through no fault of the player assisting. 

And genorally an assist should be given to 
each player who handles or assists in any man- 
ner ih handling the ball from the time it leaves 
the bat until it reaches the player who makes the 
put out, or in case of a thrown ball, to each 
player who throws or handles it cleanly, and in 
such a way that a put out results, or would re- 
sult if no error were made by the receiver. 

EBBOBS. 

Sec. 7. An error shall be given in the seventh 
column for each misplay which allows the striker 
or base runner to make one or more bases 
when perfect play would have insured his being 
put out, except that " wild pitches," " bases on 
balls," " bases on the batsman being struck by a 
pitched ball," or case of illegal pitched balls, 
balks and passed balls, shall not be included in 
said column. In scoring errors of batted balls 
see Section 3 of this rule. 

STOLEN BASES. 

Sec. 8. Stolen bases shall be scored as fol- 
lows : 

Any attempt to steal a base must go to the 
credit of the base runner, whether the ball is 
thrown wild or muffed by the fielder, but any 
manifest error is to be charged to the fielder 
making the same. If the base runner advances 
another base he shall not be credited with a 
stolen base, and the fielder allowing the advance- 
ment is also to be charged with an error. If a 
base runner makes a start and a battery error is 
made, the runner secures the credit of a stolen 
base, and the battery error is scored against 
the player making it. Should a base runner 
overrun a base and then be put out, ho shall re- 
ceive the credit for the stolen base. If a base 
runner advances a base on a fly out, or gains 
two bases on a single base hit, or an infield out, 
or attempted out, he shall be credited with a 
stolen base, provided there is a passible chance 
and a palpable attempt made to retire him. 

EABNED BUNS. 

Sec. 9. An earned run shall be scored every 
time the player reaches the home base unaided 
by errors before chances have been offered to 
retire the side. 

THE SUMMAEY. 

Bule 68. Tho summary shall contain : 

Section 1. The number of earned runs made 
by each side. 

Sec. 2. The number of two-base hits made by 
each player 

Sec. 3. The number of three-base hits made 
by each player. 

Sec. 4. The number of home runs made by 
each player. 

Sec. 5. The number of bases stolen by each 
player. 

Sec. 6. The number of double and triple 
plays made by each side, with the names of the 
players assisting in the same. 

Sec. 7. The number of men given bases on 
called balls by each pitcher, 



Sec. 8. The number of men given bases 
from being hit by pitched balls. 

Sec. 9. The number of men struck out. 

Sec. 10. The number of passed balls by each 
catcher. 

Sec. 11. The number of wild pitches by each 
pitcher. 

Sec. 12. The time of game. 

Sec. 13. The name of the umpire. 

INDEX TO RULES AND REGULATIONS. 

BULE 

The ground 1 

The infield 2 

The bases 3 

Number of. (l) 3 

The home bases (2) 3 

First, second and third (3) 3 

Position (4) 3 

Foul lines 4 

Pitcher's lines. 5 

Catcher's lines . 6 

Captain's lines 7 

Player's lines. 1 8 

Batsman's lines 9 

Three feet lines 10 

Lines must be marked 11 

The ball 12 

Weight and size (1) 12 

Number of balls furnished (2) 12 

Furnished by homo club (3) 12 

Beplaced if injured (4) 12 

The bat ■ 13 

Material of. (1) 13 

Shape of (2) 13 

the playees and theie positions. 

Number of players in game 14 

Players' positions 15 

Players not to sit with spectators 16 

Club uniforms 17 

The pitcher's position 27 

The batsman's position 34 

Order of batting 35 

Where players must remain. (1) 35 

Space reserved for umpire (2) 35 

Space allotted to players " at bat" (3) 35 

The players' benches 18 

the game. 

Time of championship game (1) 19 

Number of innings (2) 19 

Termination of game (a) 19 

The winning run (b) 19 

A tie game 20 

A drawn game 21 

A called game 22 

A forfeited game 23 

Failure of the nine to appear (1) 23 

Befusal of one side to play (2) 23 

Failure to resume playing (3) 23 

If ateam resorts to dilatory practice(4) 23 

Willful violation (5) 23 

Disobeying order to remove player (6) 23 

Written notice to president (7.) 23 

No game ." 24 

Substitutes 25 

One or more substitute players. . .(1) 25 

Extra player (2) 25 

Base runner (3) 25 

Choice of innings 26 

A fair ball. 28 

An unfair ball 29 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



17 



RULE 

Abalk 30 

Motion to deceive (1) 30 

Delay by holding (2) 30 

Pitcher outside of lines (3) 30 

A dead ball 1 31 

A foul strike 31 

Block balls 33 

Stopped by person not in game. . .(1) 33 

Ball returned (2) 33 

Base runner must stop (3) 33 

The scoring of runs 50 

A fair hit 36 

A foul hit 37 

Batted ball outside of grounds 38 

A fair batted ball 39 

Strikes 40 

Ball struck at by batsman, (1) 40 

A fair ball delivered by pitcher. . .(2) 40 

Attempt to make a foul hit (3) 40 

A foul strike 41 

The batsman is out 42 

Failure to take position at bat in or- 
der (1) 32 

Failure to take position within one 

minute after being called (2) 42 

If he makes a foul hit (3) 42 

If he makes a foul strike (4) 42 

Attempt to hinder catcher (5) 42 

Three strikes called by umpire ... (6) 42 
If ball hits him while making third 

strike (7) 42 

Attempted foul hit after two strikes(8) 42 

The ' atsman becomes a base runDer 43 

After a fair hit (1) 43 

After four balls are called (2) 43 

After three strikes are declared. . .(3) 43 

If hit by ball while at bat (4) 43 

After illegal delivery of ball (5) 43 

Bases to be touched 44 

Entitled to base 45 

If umpire calls four balls (1) 45 

If umpire awards succeeding bats- 
man base (2) 45 

If umpire calls balk (3) 45 

If pitcher's ball passes catcher (4) 45 

Ball strikes umpire (5) 45 

Prevented from making base (6) 45 

Fielder stops ball (7) 45 

Returning to bases 46 

If foul tip (1) 46 

If foul strike (2) 46 

If dead ball (3) 46 

Ball thrown to intercept base run- 
ner (4) 46 

Base runner out 47 

Attempt to hinder catcher from field- 
ing ball (1) 47 

If fielder hold fair hit ball (2) 47 

Third strike ball held by fielder. . . (3) 47 
Touched with ball after three 

strikes (4) 47 

Touching first base (5) 47 

Bunning from home base to first 

base (6) 47 

Running from first to second base.(7) 47 

Failure to avoid fielder (8) 47 

Touched by ball while in play (9) 47 

Fair or foul hit caught by fielder. (10) 47 



RULE 

Batsma; V ^cornea a base runner.(ll) 47 
Touched by hit ball before touching a 

fielder (12) 47 

Running to base (13) 47 

Umpire calls play." (14) 47 

When batsman or base runner is out 48 

Coaching rules 49 

THE UMPIRE. 

Umpire's power 51-52 

When master of the field (1) 52 

Must compel observance of playing 

rules (2) 52 

Special duties 53 

Is sole judge of play (1) 53 

Shall see rules observed before com- 
mencing game (2) 53 

Must keep contesting nines play- 
ing (3) 53 

Must count and call balls (4) 53 

Umpire must call play 54 

Umpire allowed to call time 55 

Umpire is empowered to inflict fines 56 

For indecent language (1) 56 

Willful failure of captain to remain 

within bounds (2) 56 

Disobedience of a player (3) 56 

Shall notify captain (4) 56 

Repetition of offences (5) 56 

FIELD RULES. 

No club shall allow open betting 57 

Who shall be allowed in the field 58 

Audience shall not be addressed 59 

Every club shall furnish police force 60 

GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 

Play 61 

Time 62 

Game 63 

An inning 64. 

A. time at bat 65 

Legal 66 

Scoring 67 

Batting (1) 67 

Buns made (2) 67 

Base hits (3) 67 

Sacrifice hits (4) 67 

Fielding , . .(5) 67 

Assists .(6) 

Errors (7) 

Stolen bases (8) 

Runs earned.. c (9) 

The Summary 6* 

Number of earned runs (1) 6f 

Number of two base hits (2) P 

Number of three base hits (3) ( 

Number of home runs (4) 0~ 

Number of stolen bases (5) 68 

Number of double and triple plays(6) 68 

Bases on called balls (7) 68 

Bases from being hit (8) 68 

Men struck out (9) 68 

Passed balls (10) 68 

Wild pitches (11) 68 

Time of game (12) 68 

Name of umpire (13) 68 



18 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB 6'AMES. 



CRICKET. 



HOW TO PLAY THE GAME. 

Twenty-two players constitute a full comple- 
ment of contestants in a cricket match, eleven 
playing on each side, one eleven composing the 
attacking force in the game who occupy the po- 
sitions in the field, while the other side attends 
to the defence, they sending two men to the bat 
at one time, one at each wicket, and the batting 
side remain in until they are all put out in reg- 
ular order, save one man, who is left to carry 
his bat out, which he may do after a long innings 
and a good score, or without having struck at a 
siugle ball. There are eleven regular positions 
occupied in the field, viz., the bowler, the wicket 
keeper, and the long stop, all fixed positions, as a 
rule ; though in facing swift bowling the wicket 
keeper also frequently stands back from the 
wicket and attends to tho long stop's duties, 
thereby saving a man for the "slips." There 
are two bowlers, too, in an eleven, one at each 
wicket, each acting as a fielder when not bowl- 
ing at his end. The assisting corps of fielders, 
outside of the three leading positions, are those 
who stand at point, cover point, short leg~ and 
long leg ; at the slips, at midwicket, and at long 
field,. 

The American youth will understand the po- 
sitions by comparing them with those on the 
baseball field. Thus the bolder and the wicket 
keeper in cricket act as the "battery" of tho 
ball field ; that is, as pitcher and catcher. The 
long stop is an extra catcher who stops balls 
passing the wicket keeper. Point stands simi- 
larly to the first baseman, &nA midwicket to that 
of short stop, with short leg acting as third base- 
man ; cover point is located similarly to the 
right fielder, though not so far out, while long 
field stands where the center fielder does, and 
long leg at left field back of the foul line. The 
slips are positions which find no counterpart in 
baseball, as they stand back of the foul lines, 
ready to field balls " tipped " or " slipped " 
from the bat back of the foul line; while the 
fielders at " square leg " and " short leg " look 
fter balls hit back of the foul line on the loft, 
positions on a cricket field are, of course, 
rially changed at the command of the cap- 
of the eleven, or at the request of the 

ivlers. Thus, if a bowler is going to bowl for 
-tches he will place men in position in long 
ild, equivalent to right center and left field, 

d two more as left short and right short, 

) midwicket positions, this, of course, lessen- 
-g the number of fielders back of the line of the 
batsman's wicket. But if he is going to bowl 
fast, he strengthens his force behind the wicket 
in the slips, and withdraws them from in front. 
The diagram on the opposite page shows the 
leading positions in the field, as also the direc- 
tion of the several hits made in the game, and 
the terms applied to them. 

When the umpire, standing behind the bowl- 
er's wicket at the bowler's end, calls "play"— 
the other umpire standing on a line with the 
batsman's wicket, near short log's position, to 
judge run outs — the bowler proceeds to bowl an 



over, that is, a certain number of balls in suc- 
cession, from four to six, according as the match 
is a two or three days' contest or a one day's 
match. The object of the bowler is to bowl 
down his opponent's wicket, or, failing in that, to 
get him to hit the ball in tho air for a catch. The 
object of the opposing batsman is, of course, first 
to defend his wicket, and in so doing strive to 
hit tho ball safely enough to the field to escape 
being put out by a catch, and to run to the op- 
posite wicket before he can be thrown out there, 
in which case he scores a run. The batsman, 
in cricket, has the option of hitting at the ball 
for run getting, or of simply blocking it in 
defence, he not being obliged to run when ho 
hits the ball, as a batsman in baseball has to do. 

When the bowler, at the starting end, finishes 
his bowling " over," the bowler at the other end 
takes the ball and begins his over, and this 
change in the bowling necessitates the chang- 
ing of the positions in the field ; those who stand 
back of the batsman's wicket in the first " over " 
crossing to similar positions back of the oppo- 
site wicket, these changes of positions occurmg 
after every over is called. The batsmen, of 
course, do not change their ends only after a hit 
is made and a run scored. 

The bowler, in delivering the ball to the bat, 
can only bowl it, that is, he can neither throw it 
overhand or underhand, ox jerk it. But he can 
pitch it to the bat, or bowl it underhand to the 
bat or overhand, but no kind of throw is al- 
lowed the bowler, the umpire penalizing the 
bowler for a violation of the regular rules by 
calling " no ball " after each ball thus illegally 
delivered. The umpire also penalizes the bowler 
in all cases of balls pitched out of the legitimate 
reach of the batsman, and " wide " of the wicket 
by calling wide; each "no ball" or "wide" 
counting as a run scored, whether the batsmen 
run between wickets or not, and just an many 
runs as can be made on such balls increase the 
cost of the penalties. 

The batsman can be put out in cricket in 
seven different ways : first, by being bowled 
out; second, by being caught out; third, by being 
run out between wickets, and fourth, by being 
stumped out; then, too, he is out if he handles 
the ball while standing at tho wicket or after bat- 
ting the ball ; and he is out if he prevents the 
bowled ball from hitting the wicket by placing 
his leg in the way of tho bowled ball. He is also 
out if he steps in front of the batting crease 
while the ball is in play, and he fails to get back 
before the bails of his wicket are knocked off. 
Thus it will be seen that the batsman can be dis- 
posed of in seven different ways, not counting 
willful interference with a fielder in fielding a 
ball. 

Ten of the eleven men only can be put out by 
the opposite side, one man of the batting side 
always being left to carry his bat out, a very 
creditable point of play to make if he has 
chances afforded him to score runs and he ac- 
cepts them. Two innings on each side consti- 
tutes a game, and the side scoring the largest 
aggregate of runs in these two innings wins the 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



19 



LONG SLIP 



COV £/f 



SHORT LEG 

UMP/RE. 



•■ to thl LEFT or r*e STRMq. 




UMPIRE. • bowie* 



LONG F/ELO O/V 



game. Iu one day matches, if two innings on 
each side are not played to a fiuish, then the 
score of the first innings decide the contest, 
the runs in the incompleted innings not count- 
ing. 

There is no limit as to time in playing the two 
innings on each side in a match game, except 
by mutual agreement ; consequently a two in- 



nings a side match may he decided in one day, 
two days or three days. In Australia they have 
frequently occupied the best part of four days 
in playing a first-»lass match. It is the length 
of time in playing a match which is the great 
distinctive feature between cricket and baseball, 
the former requiring as many days for a match 
as the other does hours. 



20 



THE RELIABLE BOOK: OF OTJT-DOOR GAMES. 



THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE GAME. 

THE BOWLING. 

There are three special departments in the 
game of cricket, viz., bowling, batting and field- 
ing. Of these the bowling is the most import- 
ant, for there can he no thoroughly good cricket 
playing without special excellence in the bowl- 
ing department. The elements of success in 
bowling are : First, thorough command of the ball 
in delivery, so as to secure a good length. Sec- 
ond, the hcadwork in strategic skiU sufficient to 
outwit the batsmen. Third, the speed requisite 
to give full effect to the attack on the wicket, 
and the control of the ball in causing it to rotate 
on its axis after leaving the bowler's hand ; this 
latter point of play causing the dangerous 
"break back," or "work in" of the ball at an 
eccentric angle from its rebound from the 
ground to the wicket; the former darting in at 
a tangent on the "off" stump of the wicket, 
and the latter curving in on the leg stump. 

THE BATTING. 

The batsman at cricket has a double duty to 
perform, inasmuch as he has not only to bat so 
as to score runs, but he has first to look to the 
thorough defence of his wicket. What with the 
speed of the bowled ball in delivery, allowing 
but a moment to judge the pitch of the ball, and 
the uncertain angle of the rebound of the ball 
from the ground to the wicket, occasioned by 
the bias or " twist " imparted to it by the bowler's 
hand, the task of defending the wicket is no 
light one in itself ; while to do this well, and at 
the same time to be on the watch to hit every 
ball, which is at all off the wicket, for run get- 
ting, adds to the difficulties the batsman has to 
encounter. 

THE BATSMAN'S POSITION. 

The batsman is legally entitled to stand any- 
where back of the line in front of the wicket, 
known as the popping crease. While he is 
back of this line he is safe from being stumped 
out or run out; but the moment he steps in 
front of the line he is outside of the citadel 
and open for capture. 

In standing at the wicket he should stand 
with his bat] t as shown in the appended cut. 




A GOOD POSITION, 



and not in such bad form as is seen in the fol- 
lowing cut. 




A BAD POSITION. 



The wicket keeper's position is shown in the 
following cut. 




The diagram on the opposite page shows the 
lines of the batsman's position, as also that of 
the bowler. 

The batsman can defend his wicket only with 
his bat, and not with any part of his person, 
especially his legs, in which latter case he is 
given out "leg before wicket." But if he be 
standing outside of his ground or position when 
the ball is in the hands of the wicket keeper, 
and the bails of his wicket be knocked off before 
he can get back again, or place his bat, in hand, 
within the line of his position, he is out. 

The bowler, too, must keep back of the line of 
his position when in the act of delivering 
the ball, or otherwise he will be penalized by 
having " no ball " called on him by the umpire 
at his end. So long as his front foot be kept 
back of the bowling crease he cannot be "no 
balled," unless he jerks the ball, or throws it to 
the wicket, either by an underhand or overhand 
throw. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOo^ GAMES. 



21 





fi/ttCH£S ACROSS' 






BOWLERS 






GROUND.* 

1 




/ 


BOWLING- 






C PEASE. 


--.— 1 


<— 


6 FEET ; 






B INCHES. 


:■>> 



/ 



BATSMAN'S j 
BLOCK 



GROUND. 



POPPING 



UNLIMITED ^IN LENGTH. 



GOLDEN RULES FOR CRICKET. 

The following rules for cricket are known 
in England as Lillywhite's "Golden Rules 
for Young Crickets," and they are to be com- 
mended for their valuable bints, as well as for 
tbeir brevity. 

I. Go when you are told by your captain 
cheerfully, whether first or last on the list ; it is 
his fault, and not yours, if you are put in the 
wrong place. 

II. Think only of winning the match, and 
not of your own innings or average ; sink self 
andplay for your side. 

III. Make up your mind that every ball may 
take your wicket, and play very steady for the 
first over or two, even if the bowling is not first- 
rate ; if prepared for defense you are doubly 
prepared to hit a loose ball. 

IV. Except under special circumstances 
(Vide Rule XIV.) never run a sharp run, or run 
one instead of two ; or two instead of three, for 
the sake of getting the next hit. 

V. Be equally anxious to run your partner's 
runs, and every bye you safely can (although 
the byes do not appear to your name in the score) 
as you are to run for your own hits. 

VI. When the bowling is very quick, and 
long stop is a long way behind, arrange with 
your partner, if possible, to run a bye for every 
ball, until you drive your opponent to take a 
man from the field to back up behind the bowler, 
to save overthrows from long stop. This will 
probably occasion the withdrawal of one man 
from the slips. 

VII. If the field get wild, take every advan- 
tage you can by drawing for overthrows ; if the 
field once begin throwing at the wickets their 
discipline is gone. In carrying out this and 
Rule VI., great judgment is required, as you 
are backing your steadiness against your 
enemies' anxiety. 

VIII. Remember the batsman has five things 
to trust to, viz., bis brains, his eyes, his arms, 
his legs and his tongue, and he must use them 
all. 

IX. The striker ought to be stone blind to 
every ball which passes his wicket, or is hit be- 
hind his wicket ; he is a blind man, and the non- 
striker is the blind man's dog, and ought to lead 
him straight. The same rule applies to the non- 
striker in respect to balls driven past him or 
out of his sight. 



X. The man who has the ball in sight ought 
to keep his partner informed of his movements. 
Ex.grat., the non-striker (who ought to back 
up directly the ball is out of the bowler's hand) 
should cry "not yet," if the run for a hit be- 
hind the wicket or bye is not certain ; and then 
cry "hold" if there is no run; or "one," 
" two "or " three," as the case may be, if there 
is a bye, or a hit past the field. So for a hit to 
deep middle off or middle on out of non-strik- 
er's sight, the striker ought to cry " go back," if 
there is no run, or-" one," etc., as the case may 
be, if there is a run. After the first run made 
the player whose wicket is most in danger has 
the call. 

XL In the case of a bit within view of both 
batsmen, such as a ball hit slowly to deep cover 
point, either batsman has the right to say "no" 
if called, for both wickets are in equal danger. 

XII. After drawing your partner past recall, 
you are bound to go, and run yourself out if noc- 
essary, be you who you may. 

XIII. No matter what you think of the um- 
pire's decision, if ho gives you out go away and 
make the best of it. 

XIV. If the batsman is well set, and making 
a score, and a few runs are wanted, and there is 
a weak tail to the eleven, he is right when a 
fresh man comes in in trying to "jockey the 
over," and get the ball ; this is not selfishness, 
as he is throwing away a chance of a " not out," 
and may pull the match out of the fire. 

XV. If the bowling is very slow and the bats- 
man makes up his mind to go in at it, he should 
not give the bowler a hint by any movement 
what he is after, but stand like a statue till the 
ball is out of the bowler's hand. 

XVI. If the batsman does go in and means 
hitting, let him go far enough and right in to- 
ward the pitch of the ball, so as to catch it at full 
pitch or half volley, and hit with all his might 
and main ; if stumped, be may just as well be 
four yards off his ground as four inches. 

XVII. If a batsman either does not know, or 
will not practice the rules of running, his part- 
ner is quite at liberty to use his own judgment, 
and to turn round and look after the byes, hits 
behind wickets, etc,, and if a bad runner insists 
on running himself out, his partner may let him 
commit suicide as soon as he pleases. 

XVIII. Never keep your partner in doubt by 
prowling about outside your wicket, moving 
backward and forward over the crease like a 



'12 



THE R ENABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



dancing bear, or a mute outside a gin shop, 
doubtful whether he is going in or out. 

RULES OF CRICKET. 

1. The ball muBt weigh not less than five 
ounces and a half nor more than five ounces 
and three-quarters. It must measure not less 
than nine inches, nor more than nine inches 
and one-quarter in circumference. At the be- 
ginning of each innings either party may call for 
a new ball. 

2. The bat must not exceed four inches and 
one-quarter in the widest part ; it must not be 
more than thirty-eight inches in length. 

3. The stumps must be three in number ; 
twenty-seven inches out of the ground; the 
bails eight inches in length ; the stumps of equal 
and of sufficient thickness to prevent the ball 
from passing through. 

4. The bowling crease must; be in a line 
with the stumps ; six feet eight inches in 
length ; the stumps in the center ; with a 'return 
crease at each end toward the bowler at right 
angles. 

5. The popping crease must be four feet from 
the wicket, and parallel to it, unlimited in 
length, but not shorter than the bowling crease. 

6. The wickets must be pitched opposite to 
each other by the umpires at the distance of 
twenty-two yards. 

7. It shall not be lawful for either party dur- 
ing the match, without the consent of the other, 
to alter the ground by rolling, watering, cover- 
ing, mowing, or beating, except at the com- 
mencement of each innings, when the ground 
may be swept and rolled, unless the next side 
going in object to it. This rule is not meant to 
prevent the striker from beating the ground 
with his bat near to the spot where he stands 
during the innings, nor to prevent the bowler 
from filling up holes with sawdust, etc., when 
the ground is wet. 

8. After rain the wickets may be changed 
with the consent of both parties. 

9. The bowler shall deliver the ball with one 
foot on the ground behind the bowling crease, 
and within the return crease, and he shall bowl 
one " over " before he change wickets, which he 
shall be permitted to do twice in the same in- 
nings ; and no bowler shall bowl more than two 
overs in succession. 

10. The ball must be bowled ; if thrown or 
jerked the umpire shall call no ball. 

11. The bowler may require the striker at the 
wicket from which he is bowling to stand on that 
side of it which he may direct. 

12. If the bowler shall .so toss the ball over 
the striker's head, or bowl it so wide that in the 
opinion of the umpire it shall not be fairly 
within the reach of the batsman, the umpire 
shall adjudge one run to the party receiving the 
innings, either with or without an appeal, 
which run shall be put down to the score of wide 
balls ; such balls shall not be reckoned as one of 
the four halls ; but if the batsman shall by any 
means bring himself within reaeh of the ball, 
the run shall not be adjudged. 

13. If the bowler delivers a "no ball," or a 
" wide ball," the striker shall be allowed as 
many runs as he can get, and he shall not be 
put out except by running out. In the event of 
no run being obtained by any other meauSj then 



one shall be added to the score of " no balls " or- 
" wide balls," as the case may be. All runs ob-~ 
tained for " wide balls " to be scored to " wide 
balls." The names of the bowlers who bowl 
"wide balls" or "no ball," in future to be 
placed on the score, to show the parties by 
whom either score is made. If the ball shall 
first touch any part of the striker's dress or per- 
son (except his hands)— and a run be scored— 
the umpire shall call " leg VJye." 

14. At the beginning of each inniugs t!ie urn- 
piro shall call "play ;" from that time to the 
end of each innings, no trial ball shall be 
allowed to any bowler. 

15. The striker is out if either of the bails be 
bowled off, or if a stump be bowled out of the 
ground. 

1G. Or, if the ball, from the strokes of the bat, 
or hand, but not the wrist, be held before it 
touch the ground, although it be hugged to the 
body of the catcher. 

17. Or, if in striking, or at any other time 
while the ball shall be in play, both his feet shall 
be over the popping crease, and his wicket 
put down, except his bat be grounded with- 
in it. 

18. Or, if in striking at the bail he hit down 
his wicket. 

19. Or, if under pretence of running, or oth- 
erwise, either of the strikers prevent a ball from 
being caught, the striker of the ball is out. 

20. Or, if the ball be struck and ho wilfully 
strike it again. 

21. Or, if in running the wicket be struck 
down by a throw, or by the hand or arm (with 
the ball in hand) before his bat (in hand) or some 
part of his person be grounded over the popping 
crease. But if both bads be off, a stump must 
be struck out of the ground. 

22. Or, if any part of the striker's dress 
knocks down the wicket. 

23. Or, if the striker touches or takes up the 
ball while in play, unless at the request of the 
opposite party. 

24. Or, if with any part of his person he stops 
the ball, which in the opinion of the umpire at 
the bowler's wicket, shall have been pitched in 
a straight line from it to the striker's wicket, 
and would have hit it. 

25. If the players have crossed each other, 
he that runs for the wicket which is put -down 
is out. 

26. A ball being caught, no run shall be reck- 
oned. 

27. A striker being run out, that run which 
he and hrs partner were attempting shall not be 
reckoned. 

28. If a lost ball be called, the striker shall 
be allowed six runs ; but if more than six shall 
have been run before "lost ball" shall have 
been called, then the striker shall have all which 
have been run. 

29. After the ball shall have been finally set- 
tled in the wicket keeper's or bowler's hand, it 
shall be considered dead ; but when the bowler 
is about to deliver a ball, if the striker at his 
wicket go outside of the popping crease before 
such actual delivery, the said bowler may put 
him out unless (with reference to the 21st 
law) his bat in hand, or some part of his person, 
be within the popping crease. 

_ 30. The striker shall not retire from bis 
Wicket and return to it to'coniplete his innings, 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



23 



after another has been in, without the consent 
of the opposite party. 

31. No substitute shall in any case bo allowed 
to standout or tun between wickets for another 
person without the consent of the opposite 
party; and in case any person shall be allowed 
to run for another, the striker shall be out if 
either he or his substitute be off the ground in 
manner mentioned in laws 17 and 21, while the 
ball is in play. 

32. In all cases where a substitute shall be 
allowed, the consent of the opposite party shall 
also be obtained as to the person to act as sub- 
stitute, and the place in the field which he shall 
take. 

33. If any fieldsman stop the ball with his 
hat, the ball shall bo considered dead, and the 
opposite party shall add five runs to their score ; 
if any run they shall have five in all. 

34.' The ball having been hit, the striker may 
guard his wicket with his bat or any part of his 
body except his hands, that the 23d law may not 
be disobeyed. 

35. The wicket keeper shall not take the ball 
. for the purpose of stumping, until it has passed 

the wicket ; he shall not move until the ball be 
out of the bowler's hand ; he 3hall not by any 
noise incommode the striker, and if any part of 
his person be over or before the wicket, al- 
though the ball hit it, the striker shall hot be 
put out. 

THE UMPIRES' DUTIES. 

36. The umpires are the solo judges of fair 
and unfair play, and all disputes shall be deter- 
mined by them, each at his own wicket ; but in 
case of a catch, which the umpire at the wicket 
bowled from, cannot see sufficiently to decide 
•upon, he may apply to the other umpire, whose 
opinion shall be conclusive. 

37. The umpires in all matches shall pitch 
fair wickets, and the parties shall toss up for 
choice of innings. The umpires shall change 
wickets after each party has had one in- 
nings, i 

38. They shall allow two minutes for each 
striker to come in, and ten minutes between 
each innings. When the umpire shall call 
" play," the parties refusing to play shall lose 
the match. 

39. They are not to order a striker out unless 
appealed to by their adversaries. 

40. But if one of the bowler's feet bo not on 
the ground behind the bowling crease and within 
the return crease when he shall deliver the ball, 
the umpire at his wicket, unasked, must call 
"no ball." 

41. If either of the strikers run a short run, 
the umpire must call "one short." 

42. No umpire shall be allowed to bet. 

43. No umpire is to be changed during a 
match, unless with the consent of both parties, 
except in violation of 42dlaw ; then either party 
may dismiss the transgressor. 

44. After the delivery of four balls the umpire 
must call " over," but not until the ball shall 
be finally settled in the wicket keeper's or 
bowler's hands— the ball shall then be consid- 
ered dead ; nevertheless, if an idea be enter- 
tained that either of the strikers are out, a ques- 
may be put previously' to, but not after, the de- 
livery oi the next ball. 

45. The umpire must take especial care to 



call " no ball " instantly upon delivery; "wide 
ball " as soon as it shall pass the striker. 

46. The players who go in second shall fol- 
low their innings, if they have obtained 80 runs 
less than their antagonists, except in all matches 
limited to one day's play, when the number 
shall be 60 instead of 80. 

47. When one of the strikers shall have been 
put out, the use of the bat shall not be allowed 
to any person until the next striker shall come in. 

SINGLE WICKET. 

That phase of cricket known as "single 
wicket," is just suited for occasions when out- 
ing parties cannot well raise contesting sides 
for a game of cricket to the required extent of 
eleven players on each side. Single wicket can 
be played with three on a side, while four are 
sufficient. The rules of the game as published 
in " Chadwick's American Cricket G-uide" are 
given below for the information of young cricket 
readers : 

THE PLAYERS. 

1. When there shall be less than five players 
on a side bounds shall be placed twenty-two 
yards each in a line from the off and leg stump. 

[In this case stumps are placed in the ground 
distant twenty- two yards from the outer stumps 
of the wicket, and in a direct lino with the line of 
the wicket. The ball, to be fairly hit, must touch 
the ground in front of the line formed by these 
boundary stumps and the wicket.] 

A FAIR HIT. 

2. The ball must be hit before the bounds to 
entitle the striker to a run, which run cannot be 
obtained unless he touch the bowling stump 
or crease in a line with his bat, or some part of 
his person, or go beyond them, returning to 
the popping crease as at double wicket, accord- 
ing to the 21st law. 

[According to this rule the batsman in single 
wicket cannot scoi'e a run by a hit unless, after 
hitting a ball, he run down to the bowler's 
stump and touch it—or run round it— and get 
back into his own ground at the wicket before 
his wicket be put down.] 



3. When the striker shall hit the ball one of 
his feet must be on the ground, and behind the 
popping crease, otherwise the umpire shall call 
" no hit." 

[The striker in hitting the ball must have one 
foot on the ground within the lines of his posi- 
tion, or the umpire must call " no hit," in which 
case no run can be scored. He cannot, there- 
fore, step forward to meet the ball as in double 
wicket.] 

LESS THAN FIVE PLAYERS. 

4. When there shall be less than five players 
on a side neither byes nor overthrows shall be 
allowed, nor shall the striker be caught out bo- 
hind the wicket, nor stumped out. 

[When more than five players take part in the 
play on each side, the rules of the double wicket 
prevail, except as refers to thero being two 
wickets and two batsmen.] 



24 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



BETUENING THE BALL. 

5. The fieldsman must return the ball so that 
it shall cross the play between the wicket and 
bowling stump, or between the bowling stump 
and the bounds ; the striker may run until the 
ball be so returned. 

[The boundary of the field referred to in the 
words "crossing the play" is marked by the 
lines from the bowling stump to the boundary 
stumps, this space forming an equilateral tri- 
angle.] 

MAKING A DOUBLE BUN. 

6. After the striker shall have made one 
run, if he start again, be must touch the bowl- 
ing stump and turn before the ball cross the play 
to entitle him to another. 

[In the case of attempting a double run, if 
before the striker touch the bowler's stump the 



ball be thrown in so as to cross either of ihe 
boundary lines of the play no run can be 
scored.] 

7. The striker shall be entitled to three runs 
for lost ball, and the same number for ball 
stopped with hat, with reference to 28th and 33d 
laws of double wicket. 

8. When there shall be more than four play- 
ers on a side there shall be no bounds. All hits, 
byes and overthrows shall be allowed. 

9. The bowler is subject to the same laws as 
at double wicket. 

10. Not more than one minute shall be al- 
lowed between each ball. 

It will be seen by the above rules that the 
batsman cannot step out of his ground to hit 
the ball, as he can in double wicket. This is an 
important difference. Two players can engage 
in single wicket, but it is hard work for the 
fielder. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES, 



25 



LACROSSE, 



jyfel 



l&Wm 






The modern Canadian game of lacrosse— a 
game which stands next, in the order of manly 
field sports, to the old English game of cricket 
and our American national game of baseball— 
was evolved from the American Indian sport of 
" Bagataway ;" a rough game in which the 
y ^ n § Ind ian warriors were trained to endurance 
of fatigue and were prepared for close combats 
when on the warpath. With the aboriginals 
hundreds of players took part in the game, the 
goals frequently being a mile apart. It is now 
nearly half a century since the white residents 
ol Canada took up the game as a companion 
8 -Pii. t0 cricket and football, and then it was 
that the contestants in a match were limited to 
twelve players on each side, and a special code 
ot rules adopted which eliminated the rough 
features of the Indian method of playing it. 
Since that time the rules have been improved 
considerably. The " father of lacrosse " in the 
United States may be said to be Mr. J. E. Flan- 
nery, of New York, who, from its first introduction 



to the metropolis at the old Capitoline Ground, 
Brooklyn, in the sixties, has done more to foster 
the game than any other one individual. 

Lacrosse is a game, as played under the rules 
of the American Lacrosse Association, which 
has no superior in the opportunities it affords 
for pedestrian exercise, combined with great 
endurance, pluck, nerve, courage and great 
agility of movement. Moreover, it is a scien- 
tific game, one affording great opportunities for 
strategic skill. The game is played by twelve 
players on each side, one player from each team 
occupying the position respectively of "goal 
keeper," '•' points," " cover points," " centers," 
" home fielders " and defence fielders generally, 
each occupant of these positions standing near 
to each other, the one as an attacking party and 
the other as that of the defence. When the 
game begins the bill is placed on the ground by 
the umpire, and the two center fielders face 
each other as shown in the app nded cut, and 
at the call of "play" each struggles to gain 




t^k\w- - W€\u ;^w//€««r 



« ft* 1 *'."**'- 



26 



TEE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



possession of the ball by means of their crosse 
sticks or bats, and then all of the twelve players 
on the one side strive either to run with the ball 
lying on their crosses, until they get within 
reach of their opponents' goal, when they en- 
deavor to throw the ball between the goal posts, 
which, if they succeed in doing, they win a goal, 
and the majority of goals scored within a given 
time decides the contest. The twelve on the 
other side not only strive to prevent their op- 
ponents from scoring, but also endeavor to score 
goals themselves. Here is a diagram showing 
the positions in the field which the players on 
each side occupy when the game begins, each 
player having an opposing player by his side, 
twenty-four players taking part in the contest, 
each carrying a crosse ; besides which there is 
an umpire at each goal to decide as to the ball's 
passing between the posts, and a referee to de- 
cide all other points in . dispute, together with 
two captains or " coachers," whose duty it is to 
instruct the twelve players in strategic points of 
play, but who neither' of them carry a crosse 
stick or are allowed to touch the ball or a 
player. 

THE FIELD POSITION. 



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GOAL KE£Pfft 



The game is so full of opportunities for the 
employment of strategic points of play that it 
would require pages to describe them in full. 



One of the great merits of lacrosse as an ex- 
ercise is that it develops the muscles evenly, 
as the action is not confined to any one particu- 
lar set of muscles. Then, too, it makes a youth 

active and teaches him to think and act quickly. 
Another feature of the game is, that every player 
of each side is called upon in one way or other 
to do active work in the field, thus keeping the 
whole team in action. Moreover, the theory of 
the game is simple and readily understood, and 
the sport is inexpensive in its equipments, and it 
can also be played on any ordinary turf field. 
Here is a picture showing the goal posts and 
the goal keeper. 




The first essential in the make up of a lacrosse 
player is that he should be an expert pedes- 
trian, good in "sprint" running, and one who 
can do a hundred yards in a dozen seconds. 
Another requisite is thorough control of temper, 
combined with nerve and pluck and-the ability 
to endure fatigue ; for though a goal can be 
taken in a few minutes, it frequently happens 
that a tough contest will use up the best part of 
an hour before a goal is scored. 

The first lesson in lacrosse playing is, of 
course, that of learning to use the crosse, and 
the novice begins his work withpracifte in pick- 
ing up the ball with the end of his stick. This 
seems simple enough, but the novice will find 
it quite a task, and one requiring patient prac- 
tice. First he must pick it up readily while 
walking, then while on the run, and this latter 
feat it is which will test his ability most. Then 
he must learn to carry the ball on his crosse and 
keep it balanced there while the stick is moved 
up and down and in and out to avoid the efforts 
of an opposing player to knock the ball off the 
crosse. Next comes the art of catching the ball 
on his crosse, and this needs a great deal of 
practice, as the ball so readily rebounds from 
the net of his crosse. He must not only be ex- 
pert in catching high falling balls, but also in 
holding with his stick sharp line balls which 
come to him horizontally, as they do when 
thrown sharply to the goal. In catching the 
ball the stick must be allowed to yield to the 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



27 



falling motion of the ball, or it will rebound out 
of the net. After learning to pick the ball up, 
and to catch it, the novice next turns his atten- 
tion to the art of throwing it from his crosso, and 
this is not the easy task imagined, as the player 
frequently has to throw with speed immediately 
after a catch or a pick up. Tho throwing, too,- 
is divided up into swift, high long throws, short 
and swift line throws, arid just a tossing throw. 
Of course, accuracy of aim in throwing is a desid- 
eratum, especially when making short throws to 
the goal. Then, too, one has to throw at times 
when running at full speed, and also to make 
throws over one's back, and to the riglit or lefV 
as occasion may require. So it will be seen that 
throwing in lacrosse is quite an art. The 
medium distance throw is made when the ball 



must not be fastened so as to form a pocket, 
lower down the stick than the end of the length 
strings. The length strings must be woven 
to within two inches of their termination, so 
that the ball cannot catch in the meshes. 

2. No kind of metal, either in wire or sheet, 
nor screws or nails to stretch things, shall be al- 
lowed upon the crosse. Splices must be made 
either with string or gut. 

3. • Players may change their crosse during a 
match. 

THE BALL. 

4. The ball to be used in all match games 
must be of sponge rubber. In each match a new 
ball must be used, furnished by the home team. 
It shall become the property of the winning team. 




W'p^ffl^&fffiffiz&P!/ , JfifiMst*****.- ■■„ * 






rests on the middle of the net ; the long distance 
throw being made when it is near the end of the 
net. A hundred yard throw is a good one, but 
a throw of 148 yards has been accomplished. 
An essential for the novice is to begin practice 
with a good lacrosse stick. 

One of the most attractive feature' of the 
game is skilful strategic work in passing the ball 
from one player— hard pressed by an active op- 
ponent—to another player of your own side. 
Next comes the art of dodging an attacking op- 
ponent while running with the ball on your 
crosse. In fact the game is full of points which 
would require lengthy chapters to describe. As- 
a field sport for young collegians it is greatly 
superior to football, as the latter game is now 
played. 

THE RULES OF. LACROSSE 

THE CROSSE. 

1. The crosse may be of any length to suit 
the player ; woven with catgut, which must not 
be bagged. ("Catgut" is intended to mean 
rawhide gut or clock strings ; not cord or soft 
leather. ) The netting must be flat when the ball 
is not on it. In its widest part the crosse shall 
not exceed one foot. A string must be brouf?ht 
through a hole at tho side of the tip of the turn, 
to prevont the point of the stick catchiug an 
opponent's crosse. A leadiug string resting 
upon the top of the stick may be used, but 



5. The ball shall be of the size of the "ball 
marked No. 40 regulation, by the manufacturers. 

THE GOALS. 

6. The goals must be at least 125 yards from 
each other, and in any position agreeable to the 
captains of both sides. The top of the flag poles 
must be six feet above the ground, including any 
top ornament, and six feet apart. In matches 
they must be furnished by the challenged party. 

7. No attacking player must be within six feet 
of either of the flag poles, unles the ball has 
passed cover point's position on the field. 



8. The referee shall be selected by the cap- 
tains. His authority shall commence from the 
time of his appointment. 

9. When "foul" has been called by either cap- 
tain, the referee shall immediately call " time," 
after which the ball must not be touched by 
either party, nor must the players move from the 
positions iu which they happen to be at tho mo- 
ment, until the referee has called " play." If a 
player should be in possession of the ball when 
" time " is called, he must drop it on the ground. 
If the ball enters goal after "time" has been 
called, it shall not count. 

10. When game is claimed and disallowed, 
the referee shall order the ball to be faced for, 
from where it is picked up ; but in no case must 



28 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



it be closer to the goals than ten (10) yards in 
any direction. 

UMPIRES. . 

1. There shall he one umpire at each goal. 
They shall stand behind the flags when the 
ball 'is near or nearing their goal. In the event 
of game being claimed, the umpire at the goal 
shall at once decide whether or not the ball has 
fairly passed through the flags, his decision 
simply being "game" or "no game," without 
comment of any kind. He shall not be allowed 
to express an opinion, and his decision shall in 
all cases be final, without appeal. 

2. No person shall be allowed to speak to an 
umpire, or in any way distract his attention, 
when the ballis near or nearing the goal. 

3. In the event of the field captains failing to 
agree upon the umpires, after three nomina- 
tions have been made by each party, it shall be 
the duty of the referee to appoint one or more 
umpires as may be required, who shall not be 
one of the persons objected to, who must be 
duly qualified, as required by this rule. 

CAPTAINS. 

Captains to superintend the play shall be ap- 
pointed by each side previous to the commence- 
ment of a match. They shall be members of 
the club by whom they are appointed, and no 
other. They may or may not be players in the 
match ; if not, they shall not carry crosse, nor 
shall they be dressed in lacrosse uniform. They 
shall select umpires and referees, as laid down 
in these rules, toss for choice of goals, and these 
alone shall be entitled to call " foul " during a 
match. They shall report any infringement of 
the laws during a match to the referee. 

NAMES OF PLAYERS. 

The players on each side shall be designated as 
follows : " Goal keeper," who defends tho goal ; 
" point,*" first man out from goal; " cover point," 
in front of point ; " center," who faces ; " home," 
nearest opponents' goal ; others shall be termed 
"fielders. 

THE GAME. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1. Twelve players shall constitute a full 
team. 

2. The game must be started by the referee 
facing the ball in the center of the field between 
a player on each side. The ball shall be laid 
upon the ground between the sticks of the 
players facing, and when both sides are ready 
the referee shall call " play." The players fac- 
ing shall have their left side toward the goal 
they are attacking, and shall not be allowed to 
use a left handed crosse. 

3. A match shall be decided by the winning 
of the most goals in every match, unless other- 
wise agreed upon. Games must in all cases be 
won by putting the ball through the goal from 
the front side. 

4. Either side may claim at least five min- 
utes' rest, and not more than ten, between each 
game. 

5. After each game players must change 



6. No change of players must be made 
after a match has commenced except for reason 
of accident or injury during the game. 



Z. Should any player be injured during a 
match and compelled to leave the field, the op- 
posite side shall drop a man to equalize the 
teams. Iu the event of any dispute between 
field captains as to the injured player's fitness 
to continue the game, the matter shall at once 
be decided by the referee. 



No player shall wear spiked soles or boots, 
and any player attempting to evade this law 
shsll be ruled out of the match. 

The ball must not be touched with the hand, 
save in cases of Eules xii. and xiii. 

The goal keeper while defending goal within 
the goal crease, may put away with his hand, or 
block the ball in any manner with his crosse or 
body. 

Should the ball lodge in any place inaccesible 
to the crossse, it may be taken out with the hand, 
and the party picking it up must "face" with 
his nearest opponent. 

Balls thrown out of bounds must be " faced" 
for at the nearest spot within the bounds, and 
all players remain in their places until the ball 
is "faced." The referee shall see that this is 
properly done, and when loth sides are ready 
shall call " play." The bounds must be defi- 
nitely settled by the captains before the com- 
mencement of the match. 

Should the ball be accidentally put through a 
g^al by one of the players defending it, it is 
game for the side attacking the goal ; should it 
be put through the goal, by one not actually a 
player, it shall not count. 

Should the ball catch on the netting the crosse 
must be struck on the ground to dislodge it. 

The following shall constitute fouls, and be 
punished as such by the referee : 

1. No player shall grasp an opponent's crosse 
with his hands, hold it with his arms or between 
his legs, nor shall any player more than six feet 
from the ball hold his opponent's crosso with 
his crosse, run in front of him or interfere in any 
way to keep him from the ball until another 
player reaches it. 

No player with his crosse or otherwise shall 
hold, deliberately strike or trip another, nor 
push with his hand, nor wrestle with his legs so 
as to throw an opponent. 

No player shall hold the ball in his crosse with 
his baud or person, or lay or sit on it. 

No player shall charge into another after he 
has thrown the ball. 

The crosse or square check which t consists of 
one player charging into another with both 
hands on the crosse so as to make the crosse 
strike the body of his opponent, is strictly for- 
bidden. 

No player shall interfere in any way with an- 
other who is in pursuit of an opponeut in pos- 
session of the ball. 

" Shouldering " is allowed only when the play- 
ers are within six feet of the bail, and then from 
the side only. No player must, under any cir- 
cumstances, run into or shoulder an opponent 
from behind. 

The referee sh-Jl be the judge of fouls, and 
shall call time to decide them only at the re- 
quest of the captains or the men appointed by 
them. 

When a foul is allowed by a referee, the player 
fouled shall have the option of a free " run " or 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



29 



" throw " from the place where the foul occurred. 
For thia purpose 8,11 players within ten feet of 
said player shall move away to that distance, all 
others retaining their positions. But if a foulis 
allowed within twenty yards of the goal, the man 
fouled shall move back that distance from 

foal before taking the run or throw allowed 
im. 

If a foul is claimed and time called, and then 
not allowed, the player accused of fouling shall 
be granted a free "run " or " throw " under the 
conditions above mentioned. 

No player shall throw his crosse at a player or 
or aj the ball, under any circumstances ; and 
such action will be considered a " foul." Should 
a player lose his crosse during the game bo shall 
consider himself " out of play," and shall not 
be allowed to touch the ball in any way until he 
again recovers it. Kicking the ball is absolutely 
prohibited to players without a crosse. 

Any player considering himself purposely in- 
jured during the play must report to his cap- 
tain, who must report to the referee, who shall 
warn the player complained of. 



For deliberate fouls which occasion injury to 
opponents, or affect the result of the game, for 
the first offence the referee shall have power to 
suspend the player committing it, for the rest 
of the game (not match); for a second offence, 
the referee may remove the offending player and 
compel his side to finish the match short 
handed. 

Any player deliberately striking another, or 
raising his hand to strike, shall be immediately 
ruled out of the match. 

In the settlement of any dispute, whether by 
the umpires or referee, it must be distinctly un- 
derstood that the captains, with one player each, 
to bo selocted by them, have the right to speak 
on behalf of their respective clubs ; and any 
proposition or facts that any player may wish 
brought before the referee must come through 
the captains, or players selected by them. 

In event of a flag pole being knocked down 
during the match, and the ball put through 
what would be 1" e goal if the flag pole were 
standing, it shall count game for the attacking 
side. 



80 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



FOOTBALL. 




ffilii«BS' 



The old English game of football was origin- 
ally designed as an exciting and invigorating 
open field game for English college students 
and school boys, to be played during the inter- 
regnum of the cricket season from late autumn 
to early spring each year ; but of late years it 
has degenerated into the roughest and most 
dangerous of all our field games of ball, it hav- 
ing led to more deaths on the field and more 
permanent bodily injuries than all other known 
field sports put together, not even excepting 
the dangerous sport of fox hunting. Football, 
as played under the old Gaelic rules, is one of 
the liveliest of field games, but as played under 
the English Rugby School rules, or even accord- 
ing to the English Football Association rules, it 
loses half its value as a sport, and becomes 
chiefly a game in which wrestling, and. even 
fighting, are amongst its main features ; espe- 
cially is this the case when played under the 
modern code of the American College football 
rules, which include the worst features of the 
Rugby game and the least attractive methods of 
the Association game. The English Association 
rules forbid the bail being handled in the game ; 
while the Rugby rules make the running with 
the ball in hand the most striking feature 
of the game ; the American college game being 
a mixture of the two English games. The fact 
that in one season, in the decade of the eighties, 
the football season in England was made a rec- 
ord year for the fatal casualties which occurred 
on the field in football games, illustrates the 
dangerous nature of the modern method of 
playing the game ; as, in the year referred to, 
no less than 140 accidents occurred in football 
in England, of which over forty resulted fatally, 
while the others ended in injuries lasting a life- 
time, in the form of broken limbs and shoulder- 
blades, ruptures and other injuries of a like 
character. For the past five years in the United 
States not a football season has passed without 
deaths from injuries sustained on the college 
fields; while serious injuries have been as fre- 
quent as the games played, and all this because 
the brutal wrestling and fighting features of the 



college game have not been eliminated from 
the rules, and strategic points of play in kick- 
ing the ball introduced to replace the rough 
wrestling and pugilistic features of the modern 
college game. As football is now played under 
college rules it is absurd to call the game foot- 
ball, the only real football game now in vogue 
in this country being that known as the Gaelic 
game. According to the rules of the Gaelic foot- 
ball clubs of the metropolis — numbering over a 
dozen clubs— the only way of forwarding a ball 
to a goal is by kicking it, or batting it with the 
hand. 

The ball is not allowed to be held in the 
hand and thrown, or be carried on the run as 
in the college football game, consequently all 
the wrestling and fighting characteristics of the 
American college game, as also that of the game 
played under the English Rugby rules, and 
with the dangerous scrimmages of the Associa- 
tion rules, are eliminated, and football in reality 
is substituted. In the Gaelic game, after the 
ball has been caught, the player catching it 
may kick it in any way he chooses ; but in 
making a field kick the ball must be kicked from 
the ground. 

Another method of forwarding the ball pe- 
culiar to the Gaelic game is that of bounding 
it forward by short bounds while it is hit by 
the hand, this method requiring great agility 
and rapid running. There is so much activity 
in a game of Gaelic football that every man on a 
team has an opportunity to exert, himself, and 
there is no room for a poor player, whose weak 
points can be detected at once. 

The manner in which the ball is put into play 
is decidedly interesting. The opposing players 
form in two parallel lines at the center of the 
field, each man holding the hand of a player on 
the other side. The referee stands at one end 
of the line and tosses the ball up in the air, so 
that it will fall about the center of the line. 
Thereupon the players let go of hands with great 
alacrity, and the play begins with a furious 
rush. 

Players are not allowed to wear iron nails or 
projectiles in their shoes, and the rules regard- 
ing fouls are quite strict. Pushing from behind, 
butting with the head, tripping or holding, are 
all deemed foul, and the referee has the power 
to order an offending player to cease playing for 
such length of time as he may see fit, with the 
added penalty that the team of the disciplined 
player may not put a substitute in his place. 
Tho referee may also, in his discretion, allow a 
free kick for infractions of the rules. 

When the amount of hard kicking that is done 
is considered, it seems remarkable that the 
players escape with so few injuries. It is a fact, 
however, that Gaelic players are seldom injured 
except through collisions when running. The 
players wear knee breeches, leaving the calf of 
the leg bare. A good wing player should be able 
to run one hundred yards in eleven seconds, 
and the speedy running occasionally results in 
serious collisions. The ball used 'is perfectly 
round and about thirty inches in circumfer- 
ence. 

According to the rules of the game a full team 



'V 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



31 



consists of twenty-one players, and when full 
teams are put in the field, the rules also require 
that the ground shall be 196 yards long and 140 
yards wide. As that sized ground is not easy to 
find in this country, the number of players has 
been cut down to fifteen, and the largest possi- 
ble grounds have been selected, and it is set 
forth that no ground be less than 140 yards long 
and 84 yards wide. The ground on which the 
college game is played is 110 yards long and 
53 yards wide. The officials of the game 
consist of a referee and two umpires, and when 
the latter disagree, the referee's decision is 
final. „ 

The goal posts are twenty-one feet apart 
and there is a cross bar eight feet from the 
ground. Then there are two posts set in the 
ground twenty-one feet from the goal posts. To 
score a goal the ball must be driven between the 
goal posts and beneath the cross bar. When the 
ball is sent between the goal posts but over th6 
cross bar it counts a point, as does also the driv- 
ing of the ball between the goal posts and the 
stakes set twenty-one feet away. When no goals 
are scored the game is decided on the points 
made, but one goal will beat any number of 
points. 

When the ball is driven over a goal line out- 
side of all the posts, the goal keeper has a free 
kick, and this part of the game always excites 
enthusiasm. The ball is placed on the ground 



in front of the goal line, and the goal keeper, 
who is usually selected for his size and kicking 
ability, takes a position back of the line and 
makes a cyclonic rush at the ball, delivering a 
resounding kick that usually sends the sphere 
well towards the opposite goal. 

The time of play is one hour, with an inter- 
mission of ten minutes at half time ; and when 
the sturdy exponents of the game have kicked 
and pounded the leather for an hour, with the 
accompanying running and struggling, they are 
in condition to be thankful for a rest. It is a 
game that requires great strength and vitality 
in the players. 

The games of football as played in this coun- 
try include the contests played under the 
American College code, the English Association 
code, and the rules governing the Gaelic game, 
the latter of which is the favorite with the Irish 
and Scotch residents, the Association being the 
Englishman's best game, and the College game 
the society football fad, and the rougher it is 
and the greater the chance of seeing the wrest- 
ling and fighting features, the more attractive 
in drawing gate money it seems to be. As an 
attractive, gentlemanly sport, college football 
does not compare with lacrosse for a field game ; 
while it is not to be mentioned by the side of 
cricket or baseball. 

The field for the American college game is 
laid out as follows : 



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32 



TEE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUf-DOOR GAMES. 




THE PLAYING RULES. 

The balls used in football are in form as fol- 
lows : 




It will be seen that one is oval and the other 
round ; the former is used in the college game 
and the latter in the Association and Gaelic 
game. 

A perusal of the appended rules of play will 
post the novice up in the game sufficiently to 
answer all ordinary purposes. The headings are 
given in alphabetical order and include most of 
the technical terms in vogue. 



The " backs " are the players who form the 
first three lines of defense from the goal ; and 
they consist of the " backs " proper, who are the 
pla'yers standing nearest the goal line ; the 
" halfbacks," who stand in front of the " backs," 
and the " quarter backs," who stand next to the 
line of rushers. 



BEHIND. 

"Behind" a player means between himself 
and his own goal line. 

BOUNDS. 

The ball is considered as ou„ of the field di- 
rect, and out of bounds, when it touches the 
boundary line on each side between the two 
goals, and goes into " touch " or out of "bounds." 



There are two catches made in football— viz., 
a "fair catch," made from a kicked ball, and a 
catch made from a " thrown " ball, either when 
in the act of "passing" the ball while in the 
field, or when it is thrown out from " touch." A 
fair catch under our college rules can only be 
made, however, from a place kick, a drop kick, 
a " throw forward," a " knock on "—that is, bat- 
ting the ball with the hand — by an opponent, or 
from a " punt out or on ;" and such catch en- 
titles the player making it to kick the ball from 
a " drop " or a " punt," or to " place " the ball, 
provided the catcher makes a mark with his 
heel at the spot where he stood when he made 
the catch ; and also provided no other player of 
his side touches the ball after the catch has 
been made. When the ball is thrown out from 
"touch," however, no fair catch qan be made 
from it. Under tho Eugby rules a fair catch can 
be made from a " punt on " as well as a " punt 
out." No fair catch can be made in " touch," 
however, from either a punt out or on. 

CHAEGING. 

The act of charging is that of rushing forward 
to kick the ball, or to " tackle " a player having 
possession of it. 

CBOSS BAB. 

The cross bar is tho piece of wood which con- 
nects the two goal posts at the height of ten feet 
from the ground, and over ^hioh the ball must 
be kicked to count a goal. 

CAPTAINS. 

Under the Rugby code the captains on each 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



33 



team act as umpires, unless the latter are spe- 
cially appointed for a match. 



COUNTING TIME. 

Time is to be counted on every delay in the 
game which is intentional or palpably unnec- 
essary. 

DEAD BALLS. 

The ball is considered as " dead " — under our 
college rules — first, when a player holding it 
cries "down;" secondly, after a "goal" has 
been scored ; thirdly, after a " touch down " has 
been made ; fourthly, after a safety touch down 
has been made ; and fifthly, after a fair catch has 
been " heeled." In addition, under the Rugby 
code, the ball is regarded as dead whenever it 
lies motionless on the ground. Under all rules 
it is dead when it goes out of bounds into 
"touch." 

DISQUALIFIED. 

The referee is obliged, under the American 
rules, to disqualify every player whom he has 
twice warned for intentional off-side play, or for 
irk ntional tackling in touch, or for any other 
flagrant violation of the rules. 



This is the term used to give the fielder hold- 
ing the ball exclusive possession of it and to 
free him from being "tackled." Thus, if a 
player holding the ball or running with it be 
"tackled," if he fails to cry "down," and does 
not at once put the ball down when freed from 
tackling, he can immediately be tackled again, 
and the ball can be taken from him. 

DRIBBLING. 

"Dribbling" is the act of kicking the ball 
along the ground, and it is a feature in the 
Rugby game. 

DROP KICK. 

A " drop kick," or " drop," is made by letting 
the ball fall from the hands and kicking it the 
moment it rises from the ground. In other 
words, it is a bound kick. 



This is a term used in the English Association 
code, indicative of the goals. Thus "ends," or 
goals, are only changed at the end of each " half 
time." 

FIELD OF PLAY. 

The " field of play " is the space of ground 
bounded by the " touch " lines on each side of 
the field and the goal lines at each end. 

FORWARDS, 

The " forwards " are the lino of fielders who 
stand on the rush line facing the players of the 
opposing side in the center of the field when the 
game begins. Under the American rules there 
are but six " forwards " — as they are called here 
—these forming the front lines of the defence. 

FOULS. 

A " foul " is made whenever an opponent, 
while offside, interferes with a player trying to 



make a " fair catch ;" or if a player intentionally 
lays hands on an opponent, or interferes with 
him when he does not have the ball in his pos- 
session. Also when he enters a scrimmage 
from his adversaries' side, or, being in a scrim- 
mage, gets in front of the ball. The penalty for 
a foul is a " down " for the other side. 

FREE KICK. 

A " free kick " is a kick at the ball in any way 
the player kicking at it chooses, provided the 
ball is lying on the ground. This is peculiar to 
the English association rules, and is not men- 
tioned in the American code. 

FULL BACKS. 

The " full backs " are the two players stand- 
ing nearest tho goal. 



The goals of a football ground are the two 
posts and the cross bar located at each end of 
the field. The posts require to be at least twenty 
feet high, and they are placed eighteen feet six 
inches apart, with the cross bar joining them at 
the height of ten feet from the ground. 

A goal can be scored either from a " place 
kick " or. " punt out" after a touch down has 
been made ; also by any kick made from the 
" field direct," except a " punt " or fly kick. A 
goal counts as equal to six points when obtained 
from a touch down, but only as five from a field 
kick ; and in case of a tie in goals scored, a goal 
kicked from a touch down takes precedence 
over a goal kicked from the field direct. 

GOAL GROUND. 

The goal ground is that portion of the field 
lying back of the line of the goal posts, and 
within the boundary lines of "bounds" or 
" touch." 

HEELED. 

A ball is said to have been "heeled" when 
the player catching it has marked the spot 
where he stands with his heel after catching the 
ball. 



This brutal custom — the v act of kicking . 
fielder in the shins — is prohibited in all football 
rules now, but it used to be a feature of English 
football play. 

HALF BACKS. 

The "halfbacks" are the three players form- 
ing the second line of defence out from the 
goal. 

HALF TIME. 

The "half time" of a match — under our col- 
lege rules — is forty-five minutes from the kick 
off, and all delays from accidents, or to con- 
sult the rules in disputes, are to be deducted 
and not counted in the time. 

HELD. 

A ball is " held " the moment a player, having 
been " tackled," has been obliged to say 
" down." 

IN TOUCH. 

This term is applied to the space of ground 
on each side of the boundary line of the field 



84 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR (7 AMES. 



proper. In other words, the moment the ball 
goes out of bounds it is in " touch." 



A "kick off" is made only at the commence- 
ment of each game, after a goal has been made, 
and at the beginning of each half time. It is 
made by a " place kick " and from the center of 
the field. In the second half it is made by the 
side losing the goal. 



A "kick out" is made whenever the ball is 
kicked out from any baft of the field within 
" touch " and back of the twenty-five yard line, 
and outside of the goal line. The " kick out," 
can only be made by a bound or " drop kick." 
If when* kicked out it pitches out of bounds and 
in " touch," the ball must be brought back, and 
again kicked out until it pitches within the field. 
An exception to this latter clause is when it 
touches the person of an opponent. 

KNOCKING ON. 

To " knock " the ball is to bat it with the hand. 
The act of " knocking on," is that of batting the 
ball forward toward your opponents' goal; and 
whenever the ball is thus knocked on, unless a 
fair catch be made from it, the ball has to be 
brought back to the place where the knock was 



MAUL IN GOAL. 

" Mauling " is a peculiar attribute of modern 
football, and the term of " maul in goal" ap- 
plies to the act of tackling an opponent in his 
own goal ground. When the player holding the 
ball is attacked by fielding opponents while in 
the field direct, he is there " tackled ;" when he 
is similarly attacked while in his owti goal 
ground he is "mauled." A maul in goal oc- 
curs when both sides are struggling to get pos- 
session of the ball close to the goal line, and the 
opposite side endeavor to crowd the party de- 
fending the goal over the line so as to touch the 
ball down " in goal." 

Only the player or players who are touching 
he ball with their hands when it croases the 
goal line can continue in the maul in goal ; and 
when a player releases his hold of the ball he 
cannot again join in the maul. When a player, 
too, is tackled inside the goal line, only the 
player who first tackles him on goal- ground 
can join in the maul, unless two tackle him sim- 
ultaneously. 



When a player is declared " off s^e" by the 
referee he is out of the game until placed " on 
side " again. But no player can be " off side " 
in his own goal ground. A player becomes " off 
side" if he enters a scrimmage from his oppo- 
nent's side ; or, being in a scrimmage, he gets in 
front of the ball ; or does so when the ball has 
been kicked, touched, or is being run with by 
any of his own side between himself and his 
own goal line. He is, however, at once put " on 
side" when the ball has been kicked by an oppo- 
nent, or has touched the person or dress of an op- 
ponent ; and also when one of his own side runs 
in front of him, either while having the ball in 
hand, or after he has kicked it while behind 



him. A player cannot be off side but twice dur- 
ing a game. 

ON SIDE. 

A player is " on side " at all times when not 
actually " off side." 

PLACE KICK. 

This is a kick made after the ball is held in 
position by a fielder while the ball is close to 
the ground. 

PUNT. 

A " punt " kick is made by letting the ball fall 
from the hands and kicking it before it touches 
the ground. It is a kick " on the fly." 

PUNT OUT. 

A " punt out " is made after a " touch down," 
or after a " touch in goal," by a player from his 
opponent's goal ground. No opponents can 
approach within ten feet of the player making 
the punt out until the ball has been kicked. 



A "punt on " is made when the ball from a 
" punt out " has been fairly caught. A "punt 
on," too, can be made from " touch." 



A "poster" is a ball that strikes the goal 
post and goes either to one side or the other of 
the post. Under our college rules if the ball 
touches the post or cross bar on the inside, and 
afterwards goes between the posts and over the 
cross bar, it counts as a goal. 

Under the Eugby rules a ball going directly 
over the goal posts is a " poster," and such can- 
not count a goal. 



A ball is passed when it is thrown of tossed 
from one fielder to another on the same side. 
But it cannot be done unless the ball passed is 
thrown toward the home goal and not toward 
that of the opposing side. 

QUARTER BACKS. 

The "quarterback" is the player who first 
receives the ball from the "snap back" out 
of a scrimmage. The player who holds the ball 
in position in a scrimmage with his foot is the 
" snap back," and the player he snaps the ball 
back to is the quarter back, who either passes it 
to a half back or runs with it himself, as he 
thinks best. 



The "referee" in a match decides all dis- 
puted points in a match, calls "play" and 
" time " and he is the sole judge offair and un- 
fair play— he alone deciding whether players are 
"off side" or not, and whether a ball has 
been thrown foul. He is generally appealed to 
by the captains and umpires. His decision is 
final. 



A "run in "is made when a player getting 
possession of the ball runs with it for bis oppo- 



T$IE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



nents' goal ground, and so in running he can 
cross the goal line anywhere. 

Under the Rugby rules a " touch down " made 
from such a run is not called a "touch down," 
as in our college rules, but is termed a " run in." 

EUSHEBS. 

This is the title given the "forwards" of a 
team under our college rules. The "rushers" 
of an eleven comprise the front line of the at- 
tacking force, and stand in the center of the 
field at the " kick off." 

SAFETY TOUCH DOWNS. 

These are'" touch downs " only recognized as 
points by the American college rules, they not 
counting in the Rugby rules. A " safety touch 
down " is made whenever a player, guarding his 
own goal, receives the ball from a player of his 
own side, either from its being " passed " to him 
or from a snap back in a scrimmage, or from a 
kick, and afterward deems it advisable to touch 
it down in his own goal. But if the ball be 
kicked over the goal line by an opponent and he 
then touch it down, no safety touch is charged. 
But should he carry the ball over his own goal 
line and touch it down it is a safety touch down. 
These sa/ety touch downs, in the American 
code, count two points each, and when no other 
points are scored the game is decided by the 
acore of safety touch downs in the score of a 
match. 

SCRIMMAGE. 

The " scrimmage," or " scrummage "—as the 
Rugby rules have it— is a slang word which cus- 
tom has applied as a technical term descriptive 
of the crowding of the players together in a foot- 
ball match when a scuffle or struggle for pos- 
session of the ball ensues. Under our college 
rules a scrimmage occurs when a player of the 
side holding the ball in the field of play puts 
the ball down on the ground, and places his 
foot upon it in readiness to kick it back— called 
" snapping " it— to the player behind him — the 
" quarter back ;" and the moment he does this 
the ball becomes into play. Under the Rugby 
code, however, a " scrummage " occurs when 
the player holding the ball while in the field of 
play puts it down on the ground in front of him, 
\ when all the players on each side close around 
him and strive to "dribble" or kick the ball 
from out of the crowd. A "scrimmage" or 
"scrummage "can only occur in the field of 
> play, and neither out of bounds or in " touch," 
or back of the goal line, or in " touch in goal." 

SNAP BACK. 

The " snap back " is the player designated to 
kick the ball back out of a scrimmage. The posi- 
tion is not recognized in the Rugby rules, as 
finder the code all the.players in a " scrimmage " 
ire temporary snap backs. 



The rule governing the score of a game in the 

merican college code provides that six points 

^11 be scored for a goal obtained by a touch 

vn ; five points for a goal a from a field 

; four points for a touch down not yielding 

lal ; and two points for a safety touch down. 



TACKLING. 

" Tackling " in football is the act of wrestling 
with a player for the possession of the ball. A 
player "tackling" an opponent can grasp him 
round the .waist, but not below the hips ; but ho 
cannot trip him up or kick at him. Under the 
Rugby rules, however, tackling below the waist 
is allowed. 

TAKING OUT TIME. 

The referee is required to deduct all time in a 
match which is lost by unnecessary delays. 

TEAMS. 

A team in football comprises eleven men 
under the American code and fifteen under the 
English rules. This is exclusive of the umpire 
or "judges." 

THEOWING. 

Throwing the ball from one player to another 
is allowed in football under certain restrictions. 

TOUCH DOWN. 

A player makes a "touch down"— under our 
college rules— whenever he puts the ball down 
while it is in his opponents' goal ground; or if 
the ball be back of the goal line and he has his 
hand on it and has stopped it so that it remains 
dead. But no touch down can be scored from 
"touch" or "touch in goal" — that is, either 
from a ball going out of bounds or within the 
corner space known as " touch in goal." Under 
the Rugby rules a touch down can be made by 
putting the bail down in "touch in goal" 
ground. Such touch down yielding a " try at 
goal." 

TOUCH IN GOAL. 

" Touch in goal" is the name given the space 
of ground located at each corner of the goal end 
of the field, and it begins at the line of " touch " 
which divides it from the goal ground, and is 
also bounded by the goal line itself. 



Tripping an adversary up is foul play under 
all the recognized codes of rules governing foot- 
ball. 

TEY AT GOAL. 

After a " touch down " has been made, the 
side making it is entitled to a " try at goal " — 
that is, the ball is placed near the ground and a 
player is assigned to kick it between the goal 
posts. Under the Rugby code of rules " try at 
goal " counts in the score when goals are not 
otherwise kicked. After a touch down— under 
our college rules— a try at goal can be made 
either from a "place kick" or from a "punt 
out"— viz., a fly kick. 



Each eleven in a match is entitled to an um- 
pire or special advocate to plead the side's inter- 
ests before the referee. Such umpire acts also 
as a field director in the ma>ch, just as a field 
captain does in lacrosse. 

The official code of rules of the Inter-Col- 
legiato Association are to be had on application 
to Mr. Walter C. Camp, the Superintendent of 
Athletics at Yale College, New Haven. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



^.Jtie appended diagram shows bow the op- played under the university rules of Harvard, 
posing teams " line up " in an American game I Yale, and Princeton : 



Left End. O 

Left Half Back. O Left Tackle. O 

Left Guard. O 

Full Back. O Quarter Back. O Center. O 

Right Guard. O 

r Right Half Back. O Right Tackle. O 

Right End. O 



O Right End. 

O Right Tackle. o Right Half Back. 

O Right Guard. 

O Center. O Quarter Back. o Full Back, 

O Left Guard. 

O Left Tackle. o Left Half Back. 

O Left End. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



37 



HANDBALL. 



The old English game of Fives, known in Ire- 
land and America as handball, has become very 
popular in this country of late years. While it 
is best played in an enclosed court built for 
the purpose, it is nevertheless an open air 
game, as it can be readily played — though 
under rather disadvantageous circumstances — 
with the side of a brick houses or wall, and a 
smooth piece of ground adjoining as the open 
court. But in a regular handball court, like 
the model court of the Brooklyn Handball Club, 
of which the world's champion player, Phil 
Casey, is proprietor, the game is a scientific one, 
affording a fine held for the most skillful 
strategy, while the utmost agility, power of en- 
durance, nerve, pluck and determination are re- 
quired in an expert exemplar of the game. 
With the regulation handball tough hands are 
required to act as bats iu the game, and novices 
would do well to wear leather gloves at first. 
But the game can be played to advantage, 
simply as a recreative exercise, with a soft rub- 
ber ball. It is an admirable game for the 
training of ball players, as it exercises the 
hand and the eye, as also the very mus- 
cles which are brought into play in baseball and 
cricket. Here is the code of rules governing 
the regular game. 

1. A game of handball shall consist of 
twenty-one aces, to be played with a ball not 
more than ten inches in diameter. 

2. A game to be played by two persons shall 
be called a single-handed game; by four persons, 
a double game. 

3. When a match is made, be it double or 
single, the players (after entering the court) 
shall toss for the first hand, the winner to have 
one hand only in the first inning. 

4. The winner of the toss shall stand iuside 
the line, called the ace line (which is supposed 
to be in the center of the court), and he must 
bound the ball on the floor, striking it with his 
hand against the front wall, and he shall 
serve it to the player or players behind the ace 
line. 

5. The striker failing to strike the ball over 
the ace line three times in succession is a hand 
out. 

6. If the striker, when serving the ball, 
strikes either side wall before striking the 
front wall, it is a hand out. 

7. If the striker or his partner stops the 
ball intentionally before it bounds, after leaving 
the front wall, it is a hand out. 

8. If the striker or his partner stops the ball 
intentionally while on its way to the front wall, 
it is a hand out. 



9. If a ball struck by the player should strike 
the striker or his partner, it is a " hinder," and 
it shall be played over again. 

10. When a ball is served short to the player 
he has the privilege of striking it with his hand 
or foot ; if struck with the foot and vfc fails to go on 
the front wall, it does not score for the striker ; if 
struck with the hand, and it fails to strike the 
front wall, it is an ace for the striker. 

11. A ball that is served short to the player, 
and he strikes it with his foot upon the front 
wall, the striker, after returning it on the wall, 
has the privilege of preventing the player from 
striking it again. 

12. If a ball is struck with the foot, and as- 
sisted by the hand to the front wall, it is foul. 

13. When a player is about to strike the ball, 
and his opponent jostles him or gets in his way 
intentionally, it is an ace or a hand out. 

li. When a ball is served to the player he 
shall strike it on the fly or first bound ; failing 
to do so counts an ace for the striker. 

15. In a match for a prize, the contestants 
are allowed one minute for refreshments at the 
expiration of each game before commencing 
another. The one failing to respond to the call 
of time loses the match. 

16. In a double match the striker's partner 
shall stand with his back against either side of 
the wall inside of the ace line until the ball 
leaves the front wall ; failing to do so is foul. 

17. If a ball served to the player goes over 
the back board or strikes the gallery before 
bounding on the floor, it is foul. 

18. The striker shall call time before serving 
the ball, and shall not serve the ball before the 
player or players are outside of the ace line. 

19. In all cases when a ball is taken foul and 
the players play it or not, it shall be decided as 
a foul ball. 

20. In striking the ball the player shall not 
touch the ball with any part of his person other 
than the hand or foot, under forfeit of an ace or 
hand out. 

21. If a striker, in serving the ball, strikes 
himself or his partner with the ball, and it goes 
over the ace line, it is at the option of the player 
whether he plays to it or not, as it can be called 
a hinder. 

22. In case there are only boundary lines 
drawn, and no side walls, if the ball after strik- 
ing the front wail rebounds outside the side 
boundary line, such ball is foul, and not to be 
played to. 

23. All disputed balls shall be decided by a 
referee chosen by the players, whose decision 
in all cases shall be final. 



38 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



LAWN TENNIS. 




The most simple field game of ball in vogue is 
unquestionably lawn tennis. In theory it is as 
easy to learn as one's A B G, a child of ten years 
of age being able to comprehend it ; and yet, in 
playing the game up to the highest mark, it re- 
quires not only considerable powers of physical 
endurance, with great agility of movement, but 
it also affords ample opportunities for skillful 
strategic play, requiring considerable headwork 
to excel in it. But its chief attraction lies in the 
fact that it is a game both sexes can engage in 
with healthful and enjoyable results, as also the 
youngest class of boys, as well as adults. Then, 
too, the fact that it can be played on any kind of 
lawn or any park common also commends it to 
popular favor. But, of course, to play the game 
as it should be played, finely constructed lawn 
courts are essential for a full development of 
the science of the game. 

There may be said to be two codes of rules 
governing the playing of lawn tennis, the one 
code being that applicable to the popular 
method of play, in which the contestants go in 
chiefly for open air recreative exercise ; 



for the use of the juniors, and the class of 
votaries of tennis who crowd the park commons 
on summer outing occasions. 

In regard to tennis courts or fields there are 
two kinds which are in general uye, viz., the 
clay surface courts and the turf field courts. For 
ordinary purposes the clay courts suffice ; the 
turf field requires costly attention to keep the 
surface of the field level, and the grass well cut 
and rolled. One can, of course, play lawn tennis 
on just such poor fields as the commons at Cen- 
tral Park, New York ; Prospect Park, Brooklyn ; 
Fairinount Park, Philadelphia, or the new Sub- 
urban Park at Boston afford ; but that only ad- 
mits of the game being played for mere recre- 
ative exercise, and not for the scientific attrac- 
tions it presents. 

THE TENNIS COURT. 

The courts for tennis are of two kinds, the one 
for two-handed games and the one for sides of 
four each, as follows : 

The rules governing the dimensions for the 
single game court are appended. 



78 
B 



G N 


L E 






21 


18 


18 


21 






F I 


I 


] 


I D 



39 



while the other code is that governing the con- 
tests for the championship ol the National 
Tennis Association, such as occur annually at 
Newport, B. I., and other like centers of the 
game. The latter code is not within the scope 
of this chapter on tennis, which is designed more 



1. The court is 78 feef long and 27 feet wide. 
It is divided across the middle by a net, the 
ends of which are attached to two posts, A and 
B, standing three feet outside of the court on 
either side. The height of the net is three feet 
six inches at the posts, and three feet in the 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



89 



middle. At each end of the court, parallel ivith 
the net, and 39 feet from it, are drawn the base 
lines D E and F G, the ends of which are con- 
nected by the side lines D F and E G. Half way 
between the side lines, and parallel with them, 
is drawn the half court lines I H, dividing the 
space on each side of the net into two equal 
parts, the right and the left courts. On each 
side of the net, at a distance of 21 feet from it, 
and parallel with it, are drawn the service lints 
KLandMN. 

The rules applicable to the lines of the double 
cl. re follows : 



of the net; the player who first delivers the ball 
shall be called tho server, and the .other the 
striker-out. 

5. At the end of the first game the striker- 
out shall become server, and the server shall 
become striker-out ; and so on alternately in all 
the subsequent games of the set, or series of 
sets. 

6. The server shall serve with one foot on 
the ground immediately behind the base line. 
The other foot may be anywhere except touch- 
ing the base line on the ground within the court. 
He shall deliver the service from the right to 



< 





i 1-2 feet. 


For Singles. 

27 feet. 


i 1-2 feet. 
















CD 












.® 












<« 












QO 












t- 












© 












a 
























hI 












<B i 












T3 


"S 










& 


CM 

Net. 3 


Net. 






o 
















^^ 
























s 












o 












"J 












ri 












c3 












w 




• 


=2 

00 

t- 

<D 

a 

CO 

"3 




*■"" 
























33 






For Double Court. 






...-- 




Base Line, 36 feet. 







O 02 

w o 
Ah 



THE PLAYING RULES FOR 1893. 

The first two rules of the game apply to the 
formation of the lines of the single-handed 
game court. The remaining rules are as fol- 
lows: 

3. The choice of sides, and the right to serve 
in the first game shall be decided by toss ; pro- 
vided that, if the winner of the toss chooso the 
right to serve, the other player shall have choice 
of sides, and vice versa. If one player 
choose the court, the other may elect not to 
86i /e. 

i. The players shall stand on. opposite sides 



the left courts, alternately ; beginning from the 
right. 

7. The ball served must drop- between the 
service line, half court line, and side line of the 
court, diagonally opposite to that from which it 
was served. 

8. It is a fault, if the server fail to strike the 
ball, or if the ball served drop in the net, or be- 
yond the service line, or out of court, or in the 
wrong court ; or if the server do not stand as di- 
rected by law 6. 

9. A ball falling on a line is regarded as fall- 
ing in the court bounded by that line. 

10. A fault cannot be taken. 



40 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



11. After a fault the server shall servo again 
from the same court irom which he served that 
fault, unless it was a fault because he served 
from the wrong court. 

12. A fault cannot he claimed after the next 
service is delivered. 

13. The server shall not serve till the strikor- 
out is ready. If the latter attempt to return the 
service he shall be deemed ready. 

14. A service or fault delivered when the 
striker-out is not ready counts for nothing. 

15. The service shall not be volleyed, i. e., 
taken, before it has touched the ground. 

16. A ball is in play on leaving the server's 
racket, except as provided for in law 8. 

17. It is a good return, although the ball 
touch the net ; but a service, otherwise good, 
which touches the net, shall count for nothing. 

18. The server wins a stroke if the striker-out 
volley the service, or if he fail to return the ser- 
vice or the ball in play ; or if he return the ser- 
vice or the ball in play so that it drops outside 
of his opponent's court ; or if ho otherwise lose a 
stroke, as provided by law 20. 

19. The striker-out wins a stroke if the server 
serve two consecutive faults ; or if he fail to re- 
turn the ball in play ; or if he return the ball in 
play so that it drops outside of his opponent's 
court ; or if he otherwise lose a stroke, as pro- 
vided by law 20. 

20. Either player loses a stroke if the ball 
touch him or anything that he wears or carries, 
excepthis racket in the act of striking ; or if he 
touch the ball with his racket more than once ; 
or if he touch the not or any of its supports 
while the ball is in play ; or if he volley the 
ball before it has passed the net. 

21. In case a player is obstructed by any ac- 
cident, not within his control, the ball shall be 
considered a " let," but where a permanent 
fixture of the court is the cause of the accident 
the point shall be counted. The benches and 
chairs placed around the court shall be consid- 
ered permanent fixtures. 'If, however, a ball in 
play strikes a permanent fixture of the court, 
(other than the net or posts) before it touches 
the ground, the point is lost ; if after it has 
touched the ground, the point shall bo counted. 

22. On either player winning his first stroke, 
the score is called 15 for that player ; on either 
player winning his second stroke, the score is 
called 30 for that player ; on either player win- 
ning his third stroke, the score is called 40 for 
that player ; and the fourth stroke won by either 
player is scored game for that player, except as 
below. If both players have won three strokes, 
the score is called deuce ; and the next stroke 
won by either player is scored advantage for 
that player. If the same player wins the next 
stroke, he wins the game ; if he loses the next 
stroke the score returns to deuce ; and so on 
until one player wins the two strokes immedi- 
ately following the score of deuce, when the 
game is scored for that player. 

23. The player who first wins six games wins 
the set, except as below. If both players win 
five games the score is called games all; and the 
next game won by either player is called ad- 
vantage game for that player. If the same 
player wins the next game, he wins the set ; if 
he loses the next game, the score returns to 
games all ; and so on, until either player wins the 
two games immediately following the score of 



games all, when he wins the set. But the com- 
mittee having charge of any tournament may in 
their discretion modify this rule by the omis- 
sion of advantage sets. 

24. The players shall change sides at the end 
of every set, but the umpire, on appeal from 
either player before the toss for choice, shall di- 
rect the players to change sides at the first, 
third, fifth, and every succeeding alternate 
game of each set, if in his opinion either side 
have a distinct advantage, owing to the sun, 
wind or other cause ; but if the appeal be made 
after the toss for choice, the umpire can only 
direct the players to change sides at the 
end of the first, third, fifth and every suc- 
ceeding alternate game of tho odd or deciding 
set. If the players change courts in the altern- 
ate games throughout the match as above, they 
shall play in the first game of each set after the 
first in the corner in which they respectively did 
not play in the first game of the set immedi- 
ately preceding. 

25. When a series of sets is played, the 
player who served in the last game of one set 
shall be striker-out in the first game of the 
next. 

26. In all contests the play shall be continu- 
ous from the first service until the match be 
concluded, provided, however, that between all 
sets after the second set, either player is en- 
titled to a rest, which shall not exceed seven 
minutes, and provided further that in case of an 
unavoidable accident, not within the control of 
the contestants, a cessation of play, which shall 
not exceed two minutes, maybe allowed between 
points, but this proviso shall be strictly con- 
strued, and the privilege never granted for the 
purpose of allowing a player to recover his 
strength or wind. 

The umpire in his discretion may at any time 
postpone the match on account of darkness or 
condition of the ground or weather. In any 
case of postponement the previous score shall 
hold good. Where the play has ceased for more 
than an hour, the player who" at the cessation 
thereof was in the court first chosen, shall have 
the choice of courts on the recommencement of 
play. He shall stay in the court he chooses for 
the remainder of the set. 

The last two sentences of this rule do not ap- 
ply when the players change every alternate 
game as provided by Eule-24. 

27. The above laws shall apply to the three- 
handed and four-handed games, except as be- 
low : 

28. For the three-handed and four-handed 
games the court shall be 36 feet in width, 4 1-2 
feetinsjide the side lines, and parallel with them 
are d?awn the service side lines. The service 
lines are not drawn beyond the point at which 
they meet the service side lines. 

29. For the three-handed game the single 
player shall serve in every alternate game. 

30. In the four-handed game, the pair who 
have the right to serve in the first game shall 
decide which partner shall do so ; and the op- 
posing pair shall decide in like manner for the 
second game. The partner of the player who 
served in the first game shall serve in the third, 
and the partner of the player who served in the 
second game shall serve in the fourth, and the 
same order shall be maintained in all the subse- 
quent games of the set. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



41 



31. At the beginning of the next set either 
partner of the pair which struck out in the last 
game of the last set may serve ; and the same 
privilege is given to their opponents in second 
game of the new set. 

32. The players shall take the service alter- 
nately throughout the game ; a player cannot 
receive a service delivered to his partner; and 
the orfler of service and striking out once estab- 
lished shall not be altered, nor shall the striker- 
out change courts to receive the sorvice till the 
end of the set. 

33. If a player serve out of his turn, the um- 
pire, as soon as the mistake is discovered, shall 
direct the player to serve who ought to have 
served. But all strokes scored before such dis- 
covery shall be counted. If a game shall have 
been completed before such discovery, then the 
service in the next alternate game shall be de- 
livered by the player who did not serve out of 
his turn, and so on in regular rotation. 

34. It is a fault if the bail served does not 
drop between the service line, half-court line 
and service side line of the court, diagonally op- 
posite to that from which it was served. 

35. It is a fa'alt if the ball served does not 
drop as provided in law 33, or if it touches the 
server's partner or anything he wears or car- 
ries. 

36. There shall be a referee for every tourna- 
ment, whose name shall be stated in the circu- 
lar announcing such tournament. He shall 
have general charge of the matches under the 



instructions and advice of the managing com- 
mittee, with such power and authority as may 
be given him by these rules and by said com- 
mittee. He shall notify tho committee in case 
he intends to leave the grounds during the 
matches, and the committee shall appoint a 
substitute to act, with like powers during his 
absence. There shall be an umpire for each 
match, and as many linesmen as the players de- 
sire. The umpire may act as linesman also. 
The umpire shall have general charge of the 
match and shall decide upon and call sets, and 
also decide whether the player took the ball 
on the first or second bounce. The umpire 
shall also decide any question or interpretation 
or construction of the rules that may arise. The 
decision of the umpire upon any question of 
fact, or where a discretion is allowed to him 
under these rules, shall be final. Any player, 
however, may protest against any iuterpretation 
or construction of the rules by the umpire, and 
appeal to the referee. The decision of the 
referee upon such appeal should be finai. 

The court shall be divided between the lines- 
men, and it shall be their only duty to decide, 
each for his share of the court, where the ball 
touched the ground, except, however, the lines- 
men for the base lines, who shall also call foot 
faults. The linesmen's decision shall be final. 
If a lineman is unable to give a decision because 
he did not see or is uncertain of the fact, the 
umpire shall decide or direct the stroke to be 
played again. 



42 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



CROQUET. 



The once extremely popular lawn game of 
croquet, which of late years has been crowded 
out by lawn tennis, has within the past year or 
two come into favor again with those of our 
young people of both sexes who find tennis 
rather more active for them than they wish. 
The ordinary game of croquet is very easily 
played, and it is not costly in its material, while 
any ordinary piece of level turf will suffice for a 
croquet field. But what is known as the " scien- 
tific game" is a very different kind of sport, and 
one affording an ample field for the most skill- 
ful strategy, as well as thorough command of 
the mallet in driving the ball. In fact, this 
style of croquet may be regarded as a lawn game 
of billiards, as far as its strategic points of play 
are concerned. 

To play the ordinary picnic ground game of 
croquet, all that is required is a common set 
of mallets, balls, hoops, pegs, etc., and a level 
space of turf about fifty feet wide by seventy 
feet long. Each player of each side in the game 
takes a mallet and one or more balls. The play- 
ers are divided into two sides and play in rota- 
tion, each one being followed by one on the 
opposite side. The player, when his turn comes 
round, strikes his ball once. If he makes a 
point, he strikes it again ; if his ball hit or 
"roquet" another, he places it in contact with 
the latter, and strikes his own ball so as to move 
them both— this is called "taking croquet." He 
can strike his own ball again after taking cro- 
quet. 

The object of the game is to make all the 
points (the hoops and pegs) in proper order, and 
that side wins which first does so with all its 
balls. Thus it is not only the object of each side 
to make the points itself, but also to prevent the 
opposite side progressing. The game may be 
played with six or eight balls, by a like number of 
players ; but this number makes the game much 
too long, the best plan being to use only four 
balls, either with four players or with two players, 
each of whom takes two balls. The latter is the 
most general, and affords by far the best game. 
If more than four players want to play, it is bet- 
ter to make two sets of four, one beginning at 
each end, than to make one game of eight. The 
materials of the game are the hoops, the pegs, 
the balls, the chips, and the mallets. The latter 
are the most important part of the croquet set 
next to the balls. The technical terms used in 
the game include the following : 

To roquet (pronounced rokay). To hit with 
one's own ball any other ball for the first time 
in the turn, or for the first time after making a 
point. The player is entitled to croquet the ball 
he roquets. 

To croquet (pronounced crokay). To croquet, 
or take croquet, the player places his own ball 
in contact with the one' he has just roqueted, 
and then strikes his own ball with his mallet. 

In play.— In hand. When a player strikes his 
ball at the beginning of the game it is "in play." 
When he has made a roquet with it, it is "in 
hand" until croquet is taken. After the croquet 
it is " in play" till the next roquet is made. 

Striker. The player who is in the act of play- 
ing, or has the right to play. 



Player or next player. The adversary's ball 
which is next to play. 

Bead ball. The adversary's ball which has just 
been played. 

Object ball. The ball at which you aim your 
own, or off which you take croquet. 

Break. The play by which a number of points 
are made in the same turn. Thus, if three 
points are run in proper order, it is a break of 
three points. 

Boner. A ball that has made all the points ex- 
cept the winning peg. 

Out andin, The player who has the command 
of the balls is said to be "in," or to " have the 
break." while the other side is " out." 

Wiring. When a ball is so placed that a hoop 
or peg lies directly between it and another ball, 
it is said to be " wired" for the latter. 

In regard to the rules of the game, it may bo 
said that there is only one regular code in use, 
and that applies to the playing of the scientific 
game played under the rules of the American 
National Croquet Association, which holds its 
annual tourneys on the model asphalt court of 
the Norwich (Ooim.) club. For the ordinary 
game there are two sets of rules, one applicable 
to "loose croquet" and the other to "tight 
croquet." The latter game has superseded the 
former, and we give below the latest code gov- 
erning the method of play known as loose cro- 
quet. The best setting for the hoops is that 
shown in the diagram on the opposite page. The 
starting spot is one foot from the first hoop. The 
distances are : The pegs in center line of ground 
one-fifth of the length of the ground from top 
and bottom boundaries ; the corner hoops the 
same, ancKabout one-fourth of the width of the 
ground from pegs ; the other hoops up center 
line of ground, one-fifth of the length of the 
ground. 

, It may perhaps be useful to those whojbave 
small grounds to give the proportions be'tween 
the size of the ground and the distances between 
the hoops in setting No. 3 : Pegs in center line 
of ground, one-fifth of the length of the ground 
from top and bottom boundaries. Corner hoops 
the same, and about one-fourth of the width of 
the ground from pegs. Hoops up center line of 
ground, one-fifth of the length of the ground 
from pegs and each other. 

The recognized method of naming the hoops 
is by threes, as shown in the diagram, thus : 
first "hoop, second hoop, third hoop, hoops three 
to peg, two to peg, one to peg, etc. 

The number of points to be made by each ball 
in this setting is fourteen. The winning peg is 
always included in the number. 

RULES OF THE GAME. 

1. The mallets may be of such size and shape 
as may suit the tastes of the players. 

2. At the beginning of a game the player must 
place his ball on a straight line equidistant 
from the starting post and the middle of the 
first arch. 

3. The ball must be struck, and not pushed, 
and always with the face of the mallet. 

4.. The balls are to be played in the order of, 
starting. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



43 



5. If a player play out"bf his turn be loses bis 
next turn ; "but if not discovered until be lias 
made the second stroke, he will be entitled to 
finish his run. 

6. If the player play with the wrong ball, or 
make a roquet with the wrong ball, he must re- 
place the ball or balls and lose his turn. 

7. If a ball fails to make the first arch, it is in 
the game, but it cannot roquet another ball un- 
til it has passed through the first arch. A ball 
may by one stroke be driven through more than 
one arch. A ball is not through an arch if a 
straight edge when laid across the two sides of 
an arch from whence the ball came, touches the 
ball without moving the arch. If a roquetted 



play of the roquetting ball is finished at the 
place of contact with the roquetted ball (pro- 
vided a ricochet is not made), and should the 
ball, before stopping, make an arch or hit a 
stake, it cannot bo counted. A ball may roquet 
or croquet another ball through an arch or 
against a post, which will be counted. 

13. In a ricochet, if the ball makes an inter- 
mediate arch or turning post, the arch or turn- 
ing post will be counted. In a ricochet the balls 
must be croquetted in the order in which they 
were roquetted, before proceeding with another 
stroke. 

14. When a ball is croquetted, if it hit another, 
the ball so hit must be replaced. 




ball stops so that any part of the roquetting ball 
is placed within the arch that it is for, in making 
the croquet, the roquetting ball must return out 
of the arch before it can pass through. 

8. A ball after passing through an arch or 
arcbes, or hitting the turning post by one stroke, 
is entitled to another stroke. 

"9. If a ball after passing through an arch, or 
hitting the turning post, roquets another ball, it 
must croquet that ball, after which it is dead on 
that ball, and has no right to roquet it again 
until after another arch or the turning post is 
made. 

When a ball roquets another ball, it must cro- 
quet it before proceeding with another stroke, 
to which it is then entitled. A croquet cannot 
be waived. 

10. A stroke counts if the ball is moved. 

11. A croquet is made if the croquetted ball 
is moved. 

12. When a ball roquets another ball, the 



15. When a ball, in croquetting, escapes from 
the hand or foot, if it hit another ball, the ball 
so hit and the croquetting ball, whether it hit or 
not, must be replaced, when the player is en- 
titled to proceed with another stroke." 

16. A ball is entitled to play upon a ball, upon 
which it is dead, for the purpose of roquetting 
another ball, or making an at'ch or post, but the 
ball upon which it was dead, so hit, must be re- 
placed before iDroceeding with another stroke. 
A ball is entitled to carrom from an arch or post 
in making a roquet arch or post. 

17. When a stroke is made, and the ball or 
balls pass outside the boundary line and hit the 
boundary rail of the ground, the atroke is finished 
at the point of contact with the bouudary rail, 
and if the ball or balls, before stopping, return 
within the boundary line and hit another ball 
or make an arch, or hit a post, it will not be 
counted, but the balls will remain as they are. 

18. When a ball is struck or driven outside 



u 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



the boundary line, it must be placed just within 
the boundary lino, at a|right angle from the boun- 
dary rail, and in case of a roquet, the roquetted 
ball must be placed at a sufficient distance 
within the boundary line to allow the cro- 
quetting ball to be placed just within the 
boundary line, before proceding with the cro- 
quet. 

19. When a stroke is made and the ball passes 
outside the boundary line and stops at a right 
angle behind another ball, just within the boun- 
dary line, the player has the option of placing 
his ball on either side of the other ball, at a dis- 
tance of the diameter of a ball. When balls are 
replaced within the boundary line, they must be 
placed at a distance of a diameter of a ball from 
each other. 

20. When a stroke is made by a ball outside 
of the boundary line, or a roquet is made upon 
a ball outside of the boundary line, the play will 
thereupon cease, and the player will lose his 
turn. Should a player croquet a ball and then 
make an arch and hit the croquetted ball within 
the boundary line before the croquetted ball has 
stopped, the" play will cease, and the player will 
be debarred from making another stroke in that 
inning. 

21. A player playing upon a ball upon which 



he is dead (except as hereinbefore provided) 
will lose his turn and play, and the ball so hit 
must be replaced. If such play is not discovered 
until after the second stroke is made, the player 
will continue his run, and the balls will remain 
as they are at the close of the run. 

22. A rover cannot be put out by an opponent's 
ball, or by a ball that is not a rover. To put a 
rover out of the game, the rover must hrt the 
starting post, or be roquetted or croquetted 
against it by a partner's rover ball. 

23. It a rover roquets a partner's rover ball 
against the starting post, the ball so roquetted 
is out of the game and must be removed, and 
the roquetting rover must make his next stroke 
from where his ball stops, or where it is brought 
inside the boundary line. 

24. Previous to making a stroke the ball must 
not be displaced by picking it up or intention- 
ally moving it. After a roquet is made, the ro- 
quetted ball, if within the boundary line, must 
not be displaced by picking it up or intention- 
ally moving it in making the croquet. A person 
offending against this rule will lose his succeed- 
ing play. 

25. The game is finished and won by the 
rover's side who first succeeded in hitting the 
starting post. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOR GAMES. 



45 



ARCHERY. 




This field sport is admirably adapted for the 
class of youths who find the ordinary field 
games too active for them, as it ia sufficiently 
recreative in its character to be interesting, and 
is greatly invigorating as an out-door exercise, 
giving active play to the muscles of the arms 
and chests, and involving considerable walking 
to and fro from the butts. It is rather an ex- 
pensive sport for youths, however, as the para- 
phernalia of an archer's outfit is costly — that is, 
if he desires to excel in the art, and thereby 
possesses himself of the best materials. A per- 
fectly finished yew or snakewood bow, with its 
complement of model arrows, walks into a fifty 
dollar bill in a very destructive manner ; and 
when the demand for three bows and three sets 
of arrows — one each for long range shooting, 
for short range, and for common practice — is 
satisfied, and the necessary appliances are 
added, but little will be left of a bill of twice 
that amount. Archery club expenses, too, are 
no small item. In fact, the sport is for people 
of means and leisure, and it therefore can but 
attain only a certain degree of popularity, and 
chiefly in the large and wealthy cities of the 
country. 

Standing in front of a circular target thirty 
yards distant and watching the movements of a 
praticed archer as he grasps his bow, places an 
arrow in position, and then with comparative 
ease, sends it flying into the center of the 
" gold," the whole movement, with its final re- 
sult, looks so simple, so easy of attainment, that 
a casual observer would be apt to think the 
sport rather too much of boys' play for men to 
engage in. But when the novice tries his hand 
at this apparently simple act, and realizes by 
practical experiment what difficulties beset him, 
and what a number of things he has to learn to 
do before he himself can hit any part of the 
target at all, his respect for the sport is very 
apt to increase in the ratio of the obstacles he 
meets with in the test of its merits. "It looks 
so easy, you know." But it isn't easy at all. On 
the contrary, it gives a man of brains some- 
thing to reflect upon, something to study up, 
and to analyze as to cause and effect ; and with 
this naturally comes hearty respect for the art, 
and also a love of it for the excitement it yields. 
Any novice in archery will tell you what a thrill 



of pleasure he feels when, after weeks of disap- 
pointing practice, blunders in handling the 
bow, in "nocking" his arrows, of getting into 
"bad form," in taking up his position to 
shoot, and experiencing all the little shocks to 
one's amour-propre which a novice is heir to — 
when, after all this, he strikes " good form," 
and sees his arrow enter the magic circle of the 
gold, and that not by chance, but by the skill 
which his mastery of the art yields, his excla- 
mation is, "By Jove, I did not think there was 
so much in it !" and this is the idea which every 
learner naturally expresses when he has once 
passed the outer works of the citadel of archery. 
Well has the best American writer on archery 
expressed it in the title he gave his admirable 
work, " The Witchery of Archery." 

To aim with a bow is very different from aim- 
ing with a gun or a rifle. In the one case you 
shoulder your rifle, and running your line of 
Bight along the barrel, you literally take delib- 
erate aim. In doing this, the steadier your 
nerve the truer your aim ; but " the mind intent " 
has little, comparatively, to do with it. It is a 
combination of keen sight, steady nerve, and 
straight aim. But with the bow it is different. 
Here the mental work to be done is everything. 
In archery the word aim, in the familiar sense of 
the word as applied to a rifle, is inapplicable. 
Experience teaches the practiced archer to aim 
with his mind, as it were. You intuitively feel 
that you have your bow in the right position to 
send the arrow flying to the center of the tar- 
get. Moreover, you look solely at the "gold" 
center of the target in shooting with a bow, 
and never at your bow or the arrow, as it lies 
on your hand with the bow arched ready for 
the final " loose." It is this feeling your aim, in- 
stead of seeing it, that is a peculiarity of the art 
of archery. This comes only by the familiarity 
of constant practice. Mr. Maurice Thompson, 
one of the best American writers on archery, 
says in this regard: "Do not attempt to aim. 
Do not even think of guiding your arrow with 
your eye. The only way to become a good bow 
shot is to learn to guide your shaft by feeling — 
namely, by your sense of direction and distance. 
Yours eyes must bo glued, so to speak, on the 
target. This is one great rule of archery. Any 
other will lead to slovenly, wild, and irregular 
shooting." 

In no sport you can engage in does the old 
saying that "practice makes perfect" apply 
with such force as to archery. Skill in long 
range shooting with a bow is only attainable by 
continuous and persevering practice. There 
are so many little but important details to be 
attended to, which habit alone can train one 
into, that any regular rule is inapplicable. It ia 
all very well to put it down in your book of in- 
structions that the young archer must do this, 
that, and the other ; but it is practical experi- 
ence in the field that alone will enable him to 
overcome the obstacles he must encounter, with 
any degree of success. The details to be made 
familiar with before you can send your first ar- 
row into the target even, are enough to engage 
all one's attention outside of attaining the degree 
of mental schooling which results from your 



*6 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



learning to shoot straight. To hold your bow 
firmly with your left haud, as if it were in a vise, 
is the first letter of the archer's alphabet. The 
second is to bend your bow to the arrow's head 
properly, and the third, to "loose" the cord 
from the finger of your right hand at the right 
moment. This is the ABC of archery. Then 
comes the placing of the arrow in posi- 
tion ; seeing that it is "nocked "in the right 
place on the string ; that the " coek-feather " 
is uppermost, and that the tips of your fin- 
gers are properly on the string, etc. When 
the familiarity of constant practice has made 
" the right form " for all these details a regular 
habit, then you will be prepared for the mental 
study of the situation, and then comes " the 
headwork of archery," so to speak ; and just as 
you are able to excel in this will you become a 
skillful archer. 

The rules governing archery contests in this 
country are as follows : 

The " Field Captain " shall have entire control 
of the ranges, targets and order of shooting, and 
he shall appoint a "Target Captain" for each 
target, who shall direct the order of shooting at 
bis -target. 

Each " Target Captain " shall appoint a 
" Scorer " and a " Herald " to act at his target. 
The a Scorer " shall keep a record of each arrow 
shot, upon blanks provided for the purpose 
by the association. The "Herald" shall an- 
nounce the result of each shot. 

An arrow must remain in the target until the 
value of the "hit "is recorded, otherwise the 
" hit " shall not be counted. 

The targets shall be four feet in diameter and 
placed on easels, the center of the " gold " being 
four feet from the ground. 

The " gold" shall be 9 6-10 inches in diame- 
ter and each ring shall be 4 8-10 inches in width. 



The value of colors shall be : Gold, 9 ; red, 7 ; 
blue, 5 ; black, 3 ; white, 1. 

In case an arrow cuts two colors, it shall count 
as having hit the inner one. 

All disputes shall be referred for decision to 
the captain of the target where they arise. 

Every archer shall shoot with arrows bearing 
his distinctive mark, and every arrow leaving the 
bow shall be deemed as having been shot, un- 
less the archer can reach it with his bow while 
standing inside the line from which he is shoot- 
ing. 

No person, unless competing for prizes, shall 
be allowed within the bounds of the archers' 
grounds during the progress of the shooting. 

BOUNDS AN© DISTANCES. 

Matches shall be shot at one of the following 
" rounds," each archer shooting three arrows at 
an end : 

The " York Bound " consisting of— 
72 arrows at 100 yards 
48 " " 80 " 
24 " " 60 " 

144 arrows. 
The " American Bound," consisting of— 
30 arrows at 60 yards 
30 " " 50 " 
30 " " 40 " 

90 arrows. 
The " Columbia Bound " (for ladies), consist- 
ing of— 

24 arrows at 50 yards 
24 " " 40 " 
24 " " 30 " 

. 72 arrows. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



ii 



BADMINTON. 



The game of badminton is simply a new 
phase of the old fashionable pastime of battle- 
dore and shuttlecock. In fact, it is a weak 
variation of lawn tennis, the essential difference 
being that in badminton a shuttlecock is used 
instead of a light ball, the former being served 
and returned under similar provisions, except 
that the shuttlecock must be returned " on the 
fly," no rebound from the ground beiug allowed. 
Moreover, badminton can be played in a large 
parlor, and by six or eight players. But the 
lawn is its proper place. 

The dimensions of the court for badminton 
must be guided in a great measure by the capa- 
bilities of the players, though the best size is 
one 28 feet long by 20 feet broad. The courts 
should be divided in the following way : At each 
end of the ground are two courts 10 feet square, 
while the center is formed by a piece of neutral 
ground 3 feet long by 20 feet broad. On each of 
the outer lines of the neutral ground and in 
the center are placed the posts which support 
the net. The net, which is 1 foot deep, is 
suspended at a height 5 1-2 feet from the 
ground, firmly held by guy ropes, as in lawn 
tennis. 

The rackets used in badminton are smaller 



I than those used in lawn tennis, the best size 
1 being from 24 to 26 inches in length. The shut- 
tlecock is made in different fashions and of dif- 
ferent kinds for various purposes. The All 
England Badminton Club uses a loaded shut- 
tlecock 2 1-2 inches in length. 

In badminton all the variety of balls produced 
on the rebound of the ball in lawn tennis arc 
lost sight of, as the shuttlecock, if not hit while 
in the air, counts a miss to the player missing 
it and against his side. 

The neutral ground and the divisioos of the 
respective courts are only observed in the serve 
or first hit ; after that the partners may stand 
where they please on their own side of the net. 
The shuttlecock must be -served so that it falls 
clear over the net without touching the net 
ropes or posts, or, if it falls short of the proper 
courts, into the neutral ground. In all cases a 
shuttlecock pitching on any of the boundary 
lines is regarded as a fault, as if it had fallen 
outside of the boundary lines. In all other re- 
spects with regard to the players and the faults, 
the same rule guides badminton as lawn tennis. 
A shuttlecock falling on tbe lines in services ia 
termed a fault, and two faults produce '' hand 
out." 



BATTLEDORE AND SHUTTLECOCK. 



This is a game suitable for the playground, 
the lawn, or the parlor, but it is best played on 
a lawn. The best materials for the game are 
those sold at the sporting goods stores ; but 
a common battledore can be readily made with 
a hickory stick and a piece of hoop, and a shut- 
tlecock with a cork and a few short feathers. 
The form of the battledore and shuttlecock is 



| shown in the appended illustration The game 
I is played by two players, each having a 
battledore, and each bats the shuttlecock 
from one to the other, the player failing to re- 
turn it when it is batted to him within possible 
reach, losing a point in the game. A game con- 
sists of twenty points, and the best two out of 
three games gains the match. 




48 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



MINIATURE YACHTING. 




■■*- -- - 




The building of miniature yachts, together 
with the rigging and sailing of them on xhe park 
ponds of our large cities, has come to be as fa- 
vorite a paBtime with American boys as it is on 
the park ponds in London. It affords the most 
exciting kind of sport to the boys, and in itself 
is a recreation which presents an ample field 
for the development of mechanical skill and 
ingenuity in the construction of the little ves- 
sels, besides which it fosters a love of yachting, 
and it is very instructive in affording' informa- 
tion in the building of model yachts and in the 
method of sailing them. At the Brooklyn Pros- 
pect Park the sixty acre lake is set apart for the 
use of owners of miniature yachts, and it is sur- 
prising how many " old salts" there are, who 
have for years been to sea in the mercantile 
marine, and who take interest in these minia- 
ture yacht races, teaching the boys how to sail 
their yachts, besides helping them to construct 
them. At Conservatory Lake at Central Park, 
New York, too, these little yachts are allowed to 
sail. 

The sport has come from England, where 
miniature yachting is quite a feature of the 
sportB of London boys. In fact, the little yacht 



regattas which take place on the Serpentine 
Lake in Hyde Park each summer are quite im- 
portant events. The Royal Model Yacht Club 
is presided over by the Prince of Wales, and the 
royal family generally have taken great interest 
in the proceedings on these occasions. Some 
of the yachts belonging to this club are valued 
at £1,000, and yet they do not exceed five feet 
in length. The regattas are sailed for twelve 
guinea cups, and the events are quite exciting 
at times. There are over a dozen of these 
Model Yacht Clubs in London ; and the leading 
club, learning of the establishment of a similar 
organization in New York not long ago, sent a 
communication over to New York desiring in- 
formation looking to an international contest 
with miniature yachts. The subject may seem 
a trifling one at a cursory glance, but the influ- 
ence of these miniature yacht associations in cul- 
tivating a taste for nautical knowledge, and es- 
pecially in giving opportunities for testing new 
models, is such as to make the organizations 
worthy of support and encouragement. 

Had we space, we could give a lengthy chap- 
ter on the subject of the construction and sail- 
ing of miniature yachts. 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



49 



QUOITING. 



The game of quoits ia a healthy out-door 
sport for boys, ana one, at times, full of excite- 
ment ; but there is the drawback to it that it 
exercises one set of body muscles too much 
when it is indulged in as a regular pastime, it 
being like bowling in this respect. The game 
of quoits for young people is simple enough. 
A pair of iron quoits for each player, a space of 
ground about 100 by 25 feet, aud two small cir- 
cular beds of clay or soft turf, about a yard in 
diameter, suffices, a " hub" — an iron spike im- 
bedded in the center of the clay or turf arch — 
being the object aimed at by the players. In 
playing the game, the following rules are ob- 
served : 

1. The distance to be eighteen yards from 
center of " hub" or pin, the player to stand not 
moro than three feet from the mott played 
from. 

2. Each player shall select his own size of 
quoit. 

3. The pin, or "hub," must be at an angle of 
45 degrees and one-half inch above the level 
with the clay. 

4. Measurement to be made from the center 
of " hub" to the nearest visible part of quoit. 

5. A referee shall be appointed, whose deci- 
sion shall be considered final. 

6. The lead to be decided by a toss, the one 
getting the first pitch to lead at the other end, 
playing alternately. 



7. In case of a tie, two opposing quoits being 
equal, it shall be declared a draw. 

8. Points of game : Two or four hand, twenty- 
one points ; six hand, fifteen points ; eight 
hand, eleven points. 

When the sides have been chosen, the first 
player stands level with one of the " hubs," 
and taking a step forward with his left foot de- 
livers the quoit by a swinging movement of the 
arm from behind him to the front. The quoit 
must fall and remaiu with its convex side upper- 
most, either imbedded in the earth or clay or 
else lying flat with the concave side on the 
ground. If it rolls along the ground and then 
stops, it does not count, unless the cause of its 
rolling was a collision with some other quoit 
already delivered, or unless, after having been 
properly thrown, it is knocked out by another 
afterward played. The proper rule is that each 
player should play his two quoits in succession, 
and then bo followed by the adversary ; but in a 
party of four it is usual for each player to have 
only one quoit. When all the quoits are thrown 
the score is taken by measuring the distance 
from the " hub" to the nearest part of the near- 
est quoit, and the side which has thrown best 
scores one or two, according as his one or .two 
quoits are nearer than any one thrown by the 
other side. But every " ringer" or quoit, which 
falls over the hub and remains with the hub 
i inclosed within its ring, counts two. 



POLO. 



The game of polo is simply " hockey " or 
" shinney," played while on horseback. It is, of 
course, a sport only available for wealthy peo- 
ple, for the ponies or "mustangs" trained for 
the game are expensive animals, and each 
player requires to have two at command, not 
only to relieve the animal from over fatigue in 
a match, but also in case accidents happen. 
The ground required for this sport must be 
larger in size than a field which would do for 
" hockey ;" and it should be level turf, without 
swampy places or intersecting roads. A space of 
120 yards in length and 70 in width is the small- 
est that should be used ; and it is far better if a 
ground can be secured of double that size. In 
the middle of it, at each of the two ends, will be 
placed the goals, as at football ; and it is, of 
course, the object of each side to drive the ball 
between the posts marking the adversary's 
goal. 

The great attraction of polo, which has made 
it popular among those who can afford to play 
it, is to be found in the horsemanship which is 
required of the players, as well as in the diffi- 
culty met with in hitting the ball. The stroke 
is made with a long club like a mallet, whereas 
in hockey it is hooked, and projects only on one 
side, so that the ball may be either driven forci- 
bly forward, or partly drawn and partly pushed 
along the ground. Polo is, in short, almost dia- 
metrically opposite in system to hockey, in 
which dribbling is the most important part of 



the game, and proficiency in keeping with the 
ball and following it all over the field is the chief 
qualification of a first-rate player. Thore are 
two strokes common in polo — the forward and 
the back-handed, and the latter is extremely 
useful when the ball is flying toward the goal, 
and a defender thereof, galloping after it, over- 
takes it in time, and by one clever back-hit 
sends it away far behind his back toward his 
friends. The rules of polo do not usually in- 
clude any restrictions as to off side, and thus a 
skillful player will so place his ball as to elude 
the enemy and find its way toward one of his 
own side. There are generally eight players on 
each side ; and they should be distinguished by 
a contrast of color in their costume, as it would 
be otherwise impossible in the heat of action to 
know friend from foe. 

As for the ponies used in polo, the chief 
requisites are that they should be swift, both in 
a straightforward course and at a turn, afraid 
of nothing, and obedient to the slightest move- 
ment of the rider. These, it may be thought, 
are rather heavy demands to make ; and, in 
effect, a good polo pony ought to be worth a 
handsome price, and much more handsome 
than he generally fetches in the market. For an 
animal which is really good for polo must be 
good for almost everything else, and more es- 
pecially for teaching a youngster how to ride, 
and how to beoonie in all respects a good horse- 



50 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



BOWLS. 



These is no lawn game in which a ball is used 
which will compare in exciting interest, alike to 
the spectator as well as the player, with the old- 
time English game of bowls, which has been 
practiced for several years past "by the society 
people at Dunnellen, N. J., where two clubs 
have been in successful operation. This game 
is a very ancient one, and at one time was in 
high repute. In former days kings of England 
did not disdain to play at bowls ; and in the im- 
provements made by bluff King Harry VIIL, at 
the palace of Whitehall, " divers fair tonnice 
courts and bowling alleys " are mentioned. The 
game has been traced back to the thirteenth 
century, to the time of King John and Henry 
III. How long before those days it existed there 
is no means of ascertaining. There is no doubt 
that almost every English village green was oc- 
casionally used as a bowling alley, on which the 
rustics disported themselves, and seeking the 
"bubble reputation " with the ball, if not with 
the cannon. 

Playing at bowls is excellent practice, for the 
dexterous use of the wooden ball will teach that 
inva.luable mode of delivering in the cricket 
field that causes the ball to run along the grass 
swiftly, steadily, and excruciatingly, baffling the 
oldest batsman, and topping off the bails from 
his stumps in a manner curious to behold. 
Bowling greens are simple and perfectly level 
tracts of smooth turf; but a very good game 
may be played on a selected spot on a common 
or field, where the grass is short, and the 
ground tolerably level, or, in rainy weather, in a 
hall or room. 

A small bowl, perfectly round and called the 



are several on a side the usual plan is to bowl 
from opposite ends of the green, the jack being 
placed in the middle. 

The balls for bowling are not exactly spheri- 
cal, but are flattened slightly at two ends, mak- 
ing the ball a spheroid, like the earth. If, 
after both sides have delivered their balls, two 
of one side are nearer than any balls of the 
other side, the side whose balls are nearest to 
the jack counts two ; if more balls are nearer 
than any of their opponents', they count a 
higher number in proportion. The art in bowl- 
ing consists in knocking away the opponents' 
balls from their position near tho jack, or in 
carrying off the jack itself from among the op- 
ponents' balls, and in bowling nearer than any 
other without disturbing ball or jack. In gen- 
eral, bowls are marked with a circular spot on 
one side, which is less rounded than the other ; 
and in bowling this side should be held inward. 
A circular motion, or bias, can thus be given to 
the ball. Great practice is required before any 
player can excel at bowls. 

The regular game is played with hard lig- 
num vitse balls, turned in such a manner as to 
make them diverge from a straight line when 
bowled on the green, and turn in toward the 
jack, or ball, which the bowler aims for. In fact, 
the regular game is quite a scientific sport, and 
presents a field for a great display of skill. The 
game as modernized for young players, differs 
from the regular game materially, and it is this 
latter game of bowls only which we have includ- 
ed in our list of sports for this work. Eor this 
a special court is laid down, in form as fol- 
lows: 




„_.* ;'* £ FROW "TEE" TO^E" [_?E - __, 

2L|50feetlnlengtll 

J 




jack, is placed on the ground. The bowlers, 
each armed with two balls, which are numbered 
to distinguish them from each other, take up 
their positions at a certain distance from the 
jack, and each in turn bowls toward it, he whose 
balls come nearest counting one. When there 
are more than two players sides are formed, the 
balls being played alternately, and the side ODe 
of whose balls comes nearest counting one point. 
The number of points which must be made to 
win the game varies, but is generally fixed at 
twenty. Wnen only two play they may stand 
side by side to deliver their bowls ; when there 



To lay down a bowling court like the above, a 
level piece of hard surface ground is necessary, 
and it would be well to sink the level of the 
court about four or six inches below the surface, 
boarding the sides of the court. When a regu- 
lar court is not laid out in this way, the game 
can be easily played on a croquet or tennis lawn, 
the only points to he laid down being the " tees " 
at the two ends, and the lines behind which the 
bowlers are to stand when bowling. A small 
quoit is laid down in the center of the circle at 
each end, and this forms the " tee." This court 
would be marked out as follows : 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



THE RULES. 

1. From one to five players on a side can 
take part in the game, each player rolling two 
balls, one each alternately with the opposite 
player. 

2. The balls used are to he regular croquet 
balls, marked in such a way as to distinguish 
those of each side of the contest. 

3. The bowler must deliver each ball with 
both feet back of the bowler's line, and after it 
leaves his hand, unless accidentally dropped, 
shall be considered as bowled. 

4. Twenty-one aces constitute a game, and 
the best three games out of five a match. 

5. When all the balls on both sides have 



been bowled the " end " is completed, and the 
side having the ball nearest the " toe " counts 
one ace. Should such a side have more than 
one ball nearer the " tee " than any bail of the 
opposite side, an additional ace is counted for 
each such additional ball. 
, 6. A ball bowled so as to settle in the center 
of the " tee " quoit counts two aces, provided it 
remains in that positiou until the completion of 
the end, not otherwise. 

7. Each side shall bowl in regular order as 
named before beginning play, and there shall 
be no change made in such order until the close 
of a game. 

8. Any player bowling out of his turn shall 
have his ball taken off the court until the close 
of the end, 



52 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB, GAMES. 



PLAYING BASEBALL ON THE ICE. 



A game of baseball played by a party of skat- 
ers on a good field of ice is very lively sport ; 
such a game, however, is played under differ- 
ent rules to those governing the field game, es- 
pecially in the delivery of the ball to the bat, 
and in running the bases. The ordinary rules 
governing the batsmen and pitcher are not so 
strictly observed as in the field game, the im- 
possibility of obtaining a good footing make the 
operation of pitching and batting rather difficult. 
In running the bases in a game on the ice on 
skates, all that is necessary for the baso runner 
to do is to cross the line of the position, after 
which he cannot be put out until he has re- 
turned to the base and again leaves it. The 
bases are marked on the ice in the form of lines 
three feet in length, each line marked at right 
angles with the base lines from base to base, 
and three feet each side thereof. This line 
forms the base, and on this line the base player 
must stand when he holds the ball, in order to 
put a player out. The baso runner makes his 
base if ho crosses the line of the base before be- 
ing touched, or before the ball is held on the 



The following is the diagram of the " dia- 
mond " for a game on an ice field. 

After hitting a ball on which the batsman can 
only make one base, he should start from the 
home base so as to turn to the right in crossing 
the lines of the base ; but in cases where his 
hit entitles him to two or more bases, then he 
should start eo as to turn to the left. If he turns 



to the left after skating over the base line, he at 
once ceases to be exempt from being put out in 
returning to the base he had overrun. 

In putting players out the regular rul'js -pre- 
vail, except in regard to outs on catches, affair 
ball caught on the first bound putting the bats- 
man out. 

In calling strikes and balls the umpire must 
call a strike on every ball within fair reach of 
the bat, no matter whether high or low, the bats- 
man not being allowed to designate the height 
of the ball. In calling balls he must call a ball 
on each and every ball out of fair reach of the 
bat, and also on every thrown ball, as only a 
square pitch or toss of the ball is allowed in the 
game. Six called balls give a base. The essen- 
tials for a successful game of ball on the ice 
include a large space of good clear ice ; a non- 
elastic and soft ball ; a fair day, not windy or too 
cool ; a field cleared of spectators, and two par- 
ties of good, plucky skaters. Under these fav- 
orable circumstances, a really exciting display 
would be the result. The ball requires to be 
non-elastic and soft, because a light blow will 
send it a good distance, and a hard ball sent 
swiftly to the hands on a cold day is very pain- 
ful, and likely to result in severe injuries. The 
pitching also should never be swift in a game on 
ice. The ball should simply be tossed in to the 
bat ; by this means more frequent chances are 
given to the field for outs, and the game is made 
active and lively instead of tedious, as it would 
otherwise be. 

6 feet. 




THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-DOOE GAMES. 



53 



BRUTALITY IN SPORTS. 



HENRY CHADWICK'S PAPER AT THE OLD BROOKLYNITES' 

MEETING. 



Foe the benefit of young votaries of /mil 
games, we give below tbe lecture on " Brutality 
in Sports," delivered by Mr. Chadwick before 
the Society of Old Brooklynites, at their annual 
meeting on the night of May 4, 1893, at the Sur- 
rogate's Court, in Brooklyn. We clip from the 
Eagle's report of the lecture as follows : 

" Mr. Henry Chadwick was tben introduced, 
and he read a paper upon ' Brutality in Sports.' 

"Mr. President and Members of our Society ■ 
In this paper which I am about to read to you I 
propose taking a brief glance at the existing 
sports of the period and the change in public 
opinion which has taken place of late years in 
regard to out-door sports in this country, and 
also to make a few. remarks on the influence of 
the press on sports and the abuses which ex- 
ist in connection with them, and in doing this I 
trust, at least, to interest you, if I do not induce 
you to indorse my views on the important influ- 
ence the sports of a people have on the devel- 
opment of national character. The contrast 
between the American people of the present 
day and those of even twenty-five years ago, as 
regards their participation in out-door sports, 
is very striking. In the bygone days our people 
were the butt of the English, especially on ac- 
count of our neglect of physical exercise and 
recreation for the idol worship of the almighty 
dollar. Now things are different. We have not 
only acquired the English taste for manly exer- 
cise and held sports, but we are beginning to 
rival them in matters of sports in which they 
have held sway for centuries. It began with the 
brilliant success of the yacht America in 1851 ; 
it was assisted by the achievements of the Amer- 
ican chess champion, Morphy, several years 
later. Since then, step by step, have we worked 
our way up in this race for supremacy in the 
arena of manly sports, until now we are begin- 
ning to rival them in their hitherto undisturbed 
monopoly of championship honors in athletics, 
in rowing, rifle shooting, the turf and in field 
sports generally. What is the result of this 
change in the character of our people in this 
respect? The answer is, beneficial in every 
way. Improvement iu the national physique 
has been manifest, for one thing ; a wider sphere 
for rational social enjoyment is another result, 
especially as regards the pleasure the fair sex 
enjoy in participating in sports from which 
American ladies were debarred twenty years 
ago. Look at the throng of women skaters on 
our park lakes in winter. See the crowded 
women's stands at the baseball grounds of the 
leading cities, and the fashionable assemblages 
of the faii"Bex at the jockey club events at our 
best race courses, not to mention the out-door 
sport clubs, now so fashionable, together with 
the archery, lawn tennis and croquet meetings 
and the riding and walking club parties. If 
these had been the only English customs we 
had imported, it would have been well ; but 
with some of these sports have come habits of 
English " snobbery" and an observance of Eng 



lish caste distinctions, utterly foreign and an- 
tagonistic to true American manhood and wom- 
anhood. These have, of course, somewhat off- 
set the advantages of the other imported cus- 
toms. But these only characterize the silly mi-/ 
nority of the wealthy parvenu class, and, after 
all, are matters of minor import. 

" There is one subject in connection with the 
sports of our people which is worthy of special 
remark, and that is, the beneficial influence of 
out-door recreation on our laboring classes. The 
proprietors of the great manufacturing establish- 
ments of England have, of late years, been 
taught to practically realize the truth of the old 
saying that 'all work and no play makes Jack 
a dull boy.' By actual experience they have 
discovered the interesting fact that they can 
get better and more workout of their employees 
by allowing them certain hours for recreation 
than they could under the old horse in the mill 
system of one unceasing round of daily labor;. 
That eminent sanitarian philosopher, the late 
Sir Edwin Chadwick— my elder brother— several 
years ago called attention to the fact that regu- 
lations in large factories which admitted of 
stated periods for daily relaxation from labor 
for purposes of recreation, led to the most bene- 
ficial results, one effect being that the em- 
ployees, after such relaxation from toil, did it 
better than they had ever done before under 
the old rule of -constant labor from morning 
until night. His extensive analysis of the re- 
sults of the old system, and the experiments he 
inaugurated to test the advantages of a judicious 
combination of a few hours of recreation with 
those appointed for the daily labor, resulted in 
reformatory measures being adopted in most 
of the large manufacturing establishments of 
England, and with the very best effect. He had 
previously proved the statement that educated 
labor was infinitely more profitable than that of 
uneducated, and the new system of allowing 
employees and workmen certain hours of each 
day or each week for recreation was but another 
step taken in the march of improvement toward 
the physical and moral regeneration of the in- 
dustrial classes of society. A few years ago a 
certain short-sighted class of American em- 
ployers engaged in quite a crusade against the 
national game of baseball, on the absurd plea 
that the game prevented their employees from 
attending to their business. The fallacy of this 
opinion was soon made plain to them, however, 
and since then they have changed their idea on 
the subject, and now commercial baseball nines, 
encouraged by sensible employers, form tho 
majority of the amateur class of the metropolitan 
baseball fraternity. To attend to business is, of 
course, the first duty of an employee, whether 
he be a clerk in a banking house or a factory 
hand. But neglecting business for pleasure is 
one thing ; combining necessary recreation with 
labor is quite a different thing. When employers 
arbitrarily use their power to deprive their 
clerks or hands of a proper modicum of out-door 



u 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



recreation they get rid of an imaginary evil at 
the cost of a positive one. 

" Recreation and excitement young men will 
have ; it is a necessity with them, and if they 
cannot get it healthily one afternoon a week on 
the ball fields they will seek it unhealthily at 
night in drinking- saloons or at gambling-tables ; 
and from these latter dissipations to those of a 
lower depth the gradatiou is easy. Experience 
haa proved conclusively that it' is far less costly 
in the long run to allow your clerk to have an 
afternoon each week for exercise on the ball 
held than, by depriving him of this special re- 
laxation, drive him to the excitement of nightly 
dissipation. Kept down to the grindstone of 
every day work without a due share of recreation 
out of doors, young men will naturally enough 
not only do their work grudgingly and with a dis- 
position to shirk all they can of it, but they will 
revenge themselves at night by plunging into 
dissipations which are ever at command of the 
reckless pleasure seeker. Let me now indulge 
in a few remarks, appropriate to my subject, on 
the influence of the press on sports. In regard 
to the encouragement to be given by the press 
to the existing furore for outdoor sports, it haa 
been wisely said by a very able English writer, 
that ' those exercises which in their nature and 
operation have a direct tendency to draw the 
bands of society closer together by friendly in- 
tercourse, which substitute the feats of men for 
the freaks of the fop, hardihood for effeminacy, 
dexterity for luxurious indolence, and which are 
free from taint of cruelty, oppression and selfish- 
ness, are entitled to especial encouragement and 
consideration in a matter so important as that of 
selecting a sportive science for the people.' 
The influence of the daily press on sports is very 
great, and it has an important bearing on the 
question of the conservation of the moral forces 
in public life. No better illustration of the fact 
can be presented than that shown by the evil 
effect of the press notoriety given the doings of 
that most brutal class of our metropolitan com- 
munity, prize fighters and their followers and 
patrons. It is to this notoriety, in fact, that the 
present revival of their degrading conflicts is 
entirely due. Were the publicity given the 
movements of these blackguards and roughs 
confined to the journals which make prize fights 
a specialty of their columns, the evil effect would 
not be so extended. But when the daily papers 
throughout the country, and especially the so- 
called ' moral dailies ' of the metropolis, take up 
the subject and aid in giving these roughs the 
free advertising which enables them to flourish, 
the evil done becomes widespread and perni- 
cious in the extreme.. There is now but one 
daily paper in the metropolis which does not 
give aid and comfort to the prize fighters and 
pool gamblers, and help to promote brutality in 
sports, and that exception is the New York Tri- 
bune— all honor to Mr. Whitelaw Eeid for it, say 
I. It is not so much that the papers give col- 
umns of descriptive reports of the prominent 
prize fights of the period, but it is the gratuitous 
advertising they give theso beatle browed brutes 
in the form of paragraphs of their personal 
movements. The one; ' i news, tho other is not. 
Then, too, the space devoted to vicious sports 
drives out the reports of sports which are manly 
and honest. 



" Just here I desire to commend to your spe- 
cial notice, as also to the serious consideration 
of the gentlemanly class of athletic clubs of the 
metropolis -sadly in the minority, I regret to 
say— the appended paragraph from the address 
delivered by Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, at the 
opening of the Manhattan Athletic Club's new 
home, some years ago. The advice then given 
is needed now in athletic circles. The colonel 
said : ' There is one thing to be avoided by all 
athletic club?, and that is anything that tends to 
brutalize, dull or destroy the finer feelings. 
Nothing is more disgusting, more disgraceful, 
than pugilism— nolhing more demoralizing than 
an exhibition of strength, united with ferocity, 
and where tho very body, developed by exercise, 
is mutilated and disfigured. Sports that can by 
no posibility give pleasure except to the un- 
feeling, the hardened and the really brainless 
should be avoided. No gentleman should coun- 
tenance rabbit coursing, the fighting of dogs, 
the shooting of pigeons, simply as an exhibition 
of skill. All these things are calculated to de- 
moralize and brutalize, not only the actors, but 
the lookers on. Such sports are savage, fit only 
to be participated in and enjoyed by the canni- 
bals of Central Africa. Find what a man en- 
joys, what he laughs at, what he calls diversion, 
and you know what he is. Think of a man 
calling himself civilized who is in rapture at a 
bull fight, who smiles when he sees the hounds 
pursue and catch and tear to pieces the timid 
hare, and who roars with laughter when he 
watches the pugilists pound each other's faces, 
closing each other's eyes, breaking jaws and 
smashing noses. Such men are beneath the 
animals they torture, on a level with tho pug- 
ilists tbey applaud. Gentlemen should hold 
such sports in unspeakable contempt. No man 
finds pleasure in inflicting pain.' I commend 
these remarks as well worthy the pulpit utter- 
ances of such of our local clergymen as the Rev. 
Dr. Storrs, the Rev. Dr. Hall, the Rev. Lyman 
Abbott and the Rev. Mr. Behrends, not forget- 
ting Dr. Talmage. And now let me say a few 
words on fair play in sports. The most marked 
feature of true manliness of character is a love 
of fair play. It is a jewel in the crown of man- 
hood, and without it all sports degenerate into 
low and dishonest struggles to win by trickery 
and deception Instead of by honorable efforts to 
excel. A love of fair play is inherent in the 
breast of every man worthy of the name, and all 
such detest to see unfair play exhibited on any 
field whatever, but especially in games where 
athletic skill is the chief attraction, for on such 
fields it is that fair play shines its brightest. 
Without referring to any other line of sports, 
sufficient examples can be found in the aiena of 
baseball to fully illustrate the nature of fair 
play and its opposite. When two contesting 
nines enter upon a match game of baseball, they 
do so with the implied understanding that the 
struggle between them is to be one in which 
their respective skill in handling the ball and 
the bat, and in running bases, is alone to be 
brought into play, unaided by such low trickery 
as is comprised in the acts of cutting the ball, 
tripping up base runners, willful collisions with 
infielders and other especially mean tricks of tho 
kind characteristic of corner lot loafers in their 
ball games. All these so-called points are be- j 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR a AMES. 



55 



yond the pale of fair and manly play, and rank 
only as among the abuses of the game. 

" A recognized and legitimate feature of all 
field sports is the laying of wagers on the result 
of any particular contest. A man having faith 
in the ability of a certain horse to win a race ; 
or in that of a particular club's team to play a 
better game than its rival ; or of a competitor 
in any contest to excel his opponent, willingly 
backs up his opinion with' his money and a 
wager is the result. It is a fair pitting of one 
opinion against that of another. But this wager- 
ing, to be legitimate, must be done on the 
square. When it comes to be a bet made in all 
honesty of purp jse on the one side, while on the 
other it is made on the basis of a private knowl- 
edge of the fact that the competing horse, or 
team, or contestant is purposely to lose, it be- 
comes a fraudulent transaction, and one, too, 
of the very lowest rascality. Compared with 
such knavery as this picking a man's pocket 
becomes venial. When a professional pick- 
pocket goes for a man's watch or bis pocketbook, 
he does so with the doors of a state's prison cell 
staring him in the face. Against this chance he 
hazards the skill of his profession and the nerve 
and deftness his years of experience have given 
him. Bad as this skdl in theft is, there is a dar- 
ing and a pluck about it which presents a 
measure of venialness of the act. But the knave 
who bets on ahorse race or a contest in athletics 
on the basis of a tip privately given him as to 
which horse or which man has been fixed to lose 
the race or match, is guilty of a phase of pocket 
picking of the very lowest sneak thieving order. 
The latter steals in the dark and with all immu- 
nity from punishment save that of the contempt 
of the honest portion of the community, whose 
opinion he does not care a straw for. It is really 
astonishing how many people there are who are 
ready to jump at an opportunity to bet on a sure 
thing of this character and to win a man's money 
on a solid race or a fixed contest, who would be 
hi'ghly indignant were anybody to call them by 
their true titles for their knavery, viz., that of 
the lowest character of sneak thieves. Last, 
but not least in importance, comes a brief refer- 
ence to that curse of all sports, pool gambling. 
There is no greater enemy to honest sport now 
in existence than pool selling. Since it has been 
in vogue it has demoralized everything in the 
way of sport with which it haB come in contact. 



The great attraction to the public at large in all 
sports and pastimes is to see an honest contest. 
When this is wanting, all other elements fail to 
attract. Experience has unquestionably shown 
that the influence of pool selling on sports gen- 
erally has been demoralizing in "the extreme. 
While the system, carried out in its integrity, 
may be one calculated to assist in a fair man- 
agement of the betting business, it unfortunately 
presents such facilities for knavish work as to 
make it too great a temptation to be resisted by 
those of weak moral instincta. 

" Before closing I must say a few words about 
our glorious national game. Unreflecting' and 
prejudiced individuals, who never look beneath 
the surface of things, may regard baseball as a 
very good thing for boys, perhaps, or even for 
men, wherewith to while away an idle hour or 
two on a summer's holiday. But those who in- 
telligently investigate subjects in regard to 
cause and effect, who look beyond the mere sur- 
face of things for important results, find in the 
game of baseball the means to an end which in 
earlier times in the history of our progress tow- 
ard refinement were searched for in vain. It 
has taught Americans the value of physical 
culture as an important aid to perfect work in 
cultivating the mind up to its highest point. It 
is to the introduction of baseball as a national 
pastime, in fact, that the growth of athletic 
sports in general in popularity is largely due. 
Thus, it will be seen, that the game of baseball 
has acted like a lever in lifting into public favor 
all athletic sports. A great deal is said about 
the special attractions of this and that leading 
sport of the day. The turfman thinks there is 
nothing approaching the excitement of a horse 
race, which from the start to the finish occupies 
but a few minutes of time. The rower regards 
a three mile shell race as the very acme of sport- 
ing pleasures, while the yachtsman looks upon 
all other contests as of trifling importance com- 
pared with that ending in the winning of his 
club regatta cup, and so on through the whole 
category of sports of the field, the forest and 
the river. But if any one can present to us a 
sport or pastime, a race or a contest which can 
in all its essentials of stirring excitement, dis- 
plays of manly courage, nerve and endurance, 
and its unwearying scenes of skillful play and 
alternations of success equal to our national 
game of ball, I should like to see it." 



56 



THE RELIABLE ROOK OF OXIT-ROOR GAMES. 



EDITORIAL COMMENTS. 



In the selection of games for this work we I 
have omitted several which have hitherto been 
included in boys' books of games, for the reason 
that in their construction and characteristics 
they are in no way calculated to improve a boy 
either physically or otherwise. We have elimi- 
nated all sports and games marked by anything 
of a cruel or brutal nature; as unworthy of a 
work/intended for the promotion of true manli- 
ness of character and of gentlemanly conduct. 
What is not manly is not gentlemanly, and any- 
thing that inculcates brutality or any phase of 
cruelty is not manly. Boys' sports should be 
part of their school education in preparing them 
to be manly in the moral attributes of truth, 
honor, kindliness, and a charitable considera- 
tion for the failings of humanity, as well as in 
the manliness of a well-trained physique. Es- 
pecially should the mastering of quick tempers 
be rogarded in this matter of mental training by 
recreative exercise. 

There is one thing in connectien with the sub- 
ject of youthful sports which merits special at- 
tention, and that is the tendency of the boys of 
the period to forego such pastimes and to replace 
them with habits of their leisure hours, which 
are at war alike with health and morality. Far 
too many of our American boys jump from the 
games of their early school days, even before 
they have reached their teens, into the vicious 
ways of fast young men. For this reason pa- 
rents and guardians cannot do better than to 
foster a love of out-door games among their boys, 
if only as a means of keeping them out of the 
mischievous habits they are so prone to indulge 
in when not at their school desks or actively en- 
gaged in physical recreation suitable to their 
age. It is a sad sight to see boys of from twelve 
to fifteen years of age with cigarettes in their 
mouths, canes in their hands, and with preco- 
cious appetites for stimulants, visiting, during 
their leisure hours, race-courses, pool-rooms, 
variety-saloons, and other vicious places of pub- 
lic amusements, when they should be either on 
their regular playground, enjoying their boyish 
games, or out in the fields participating in a 
higher class of youthful sports. There is a 
sort of electric battery of physical force in the 
composition of boys of healthy physiques, which 
must be allowed 'an avenue of escape or evil 
consequences are likely to ensue ; and it is 
better to guide the direction of this explosive 
material than to allow it to have its own way in its 
working off. In other words, it is not judicious 
to allow wild play to a boy's excess of animal 
spirits ; nor is it advisable to check the overflow 
too suddenly. Train up your boys in the way 
they should go— alike on the playground or the 
field of sport as in the school of morality— and 
maturity will assuredly find them the right kind 
of men for progressive humanity. 

In thisvork we have given no special rules for 
training to excel in any particular sport or 
branch of athletic exercises, inasmuch as this 
book is intended only for games and sports cal- 
culated to aid in promoting physical culture as 
an important ally of mental education. In re- 
gard to training, an ;' "iportant question arises 
which bears upon the encouragement of physical 



exercise and recreation in our colleges, and that 
is the question concerning the amount of time 
required for the purpose ot special training for 
particular sports in our colleges and laige 
schools, fjertain sports are engaged in by col' 
legiane, tn^l strenuous efforts are made to excel 
all ottei' '.olleges in them, without due regard 
being paid to the loss of time in training in- 
volvad in getting into winning form as com- 
petitors in matches. The fact that young men 
go to college to advance themselves in the higher 
branches of education is too frequently lost sight 
of, and valuable time is wasted in training for 
special excellence in some one particular sport, 
which ought to be devoted to study. While the 
question of physical education, in combination 
with that of mental culture, should not be lost 
sight of, it is certainly very necessary that the 
former should be made subordinate to the inter- 
ests of the latter. In taking up this question of 
the time wasted in training, the college faculty 
fail to judiciously discriminate in the matter, ana 
they too often apply a general rule to the sub- 
ject when only a single sport is involved. For 
instance, there is a great difference in the time 
required for traiuing to excel in ball games — 
such as baseball, cricket, lacrosse, and football 
—and that needed to get into winning form as 
one of the " university crew," or as a competitor 
in a running or walking match in the inter-col- 
legiato contests ; it being impossible" to excel in 
either one or other of tbe latter sports without 
devoting an amount of time to necessary train- 
ing which greatly trespasses on the hours re- 
quired each day for diligent study. To get into 
"form "in any of the ball games, it is only 
necessary to occupy the ordinary leisure time 
of a student's daily life ; and the out-door work 
involved is of a character advantageous as 
healthful recreation and desirable in a sanitary 
point of view. But to train properly for a posi- 
tion in the racing crow of a college, or as the 
champion athlete of the university, on the other 
hand, involves not only exceedingly arduous 
labor, but a loss of time which necessarily inter- 
feres with the more important class duties 
of the college. Moreover, aside from the 
loss of time in training, there is the terrible 
strain upon the system, involved alike in 
the rowing and running matches, which is never 
incurred in the ball gameB. This important 
difference in the matter of time used in training 
should be more duly considered by the govern- 
ing powers of our colleges than it is, otherwise 
an injustice will be done to a class of out-door 
sports for collegians which are admirably 
adapted for healthful recreation, while not at 
all infringing on the hours required for study. 

There are no sports or games engaged in by 
either men or boys which surpass in interest 
and pleasure those in which a ball or balls are 
used. From the simple ball game of the play- 
ground up to the most scientific of all games of 
ball, cricket, a variety of sports are presented 
which gives the palm to the ball as a means of 
recreative exercise. The majority of ball games 
call for the exercise of considerable mental 
powers as well as of physical ability to excel in 



TEE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOR GAMES. 



6*7 



them. Especially ia this the case in cricket, 
baseball and lacrosse. A manly physique is 
not more necessary to attain the honors of vic- 
tory in contests at tuese games than are the 
mental powers of judgment, courage, nerve, 
pluck, and control of tempei*. Games requir- 
ing such attributes necessarily become valuable 
aids in education. 

The Kansas City Star says : " It is something 
remarkable that ball players never suffer from 
the heat. ' The hotter the weather the better 
the game,' is a baseball proverb. 'The only 
case I recall where a professional ball player 
was overcome with heat,' says Manning, 'was 
that of Mike Dorgan, years ago. Ball players 
get to ignoring the sun. A majority of them 
tear the lining out of their caps and expose 
themselves to the burning sun for two hours 
with only one thickness of cloth to protect their 
heads. They become used to it, and the active 
exercise of the game keeps up a perspiration. 
I think ball players suffer less from hot weather 
than almost any one else.' " 



"For a team to refuse to finish a game once 
begun, or to leave the field upon any pretext or 
provocation whatever, is an insult and injury to 
the club upon whose ground such a transaction 
takes place, a blow at the sport, and a fraud 
upon the spectators who pay their money to see 
a full game, uninterrupted by aught save the 
elements. The precedent set by the Board of 
Directors of the League for 1893 will serve as a 
healthy notice that in future the penalty of the 
law will be exacted in all such cases ; it ougnt 
also to serve as a deterrent to unreasonable, 
reckless or bull-headed managers or captains. 
If it doesu't, their clubs will have to settle with 
the League first and probably with them after- 
wards." 

The old ball game, used for field exercise 
only, known as "Fungo," is played with a 
round bat and a common ball. One player acts 
as the batsman while all the others are fielders. 
The batsman takes the ball in one hand, tosses 
it up in the air, and as it falls hits it -'on the 
fly" to the out-field, and if it be caught by any 
fielder on the fly the batsman goes to the field 
and the fielder who caught the ball becomes the 
batsman. The batsman is out also if he sends 
the ball to the fielders on the bound, or if he 
strikes at the ball three consecutive times with- 
out hitting it, in which case the fielder next in 
turn goes to the bat. Usually the latter receives 
the ball when thrown in from the field, and 
passses it to the batsman. The game simply 
affords good practice to out-fielders in catching 
the ball, it being comparatively useless as good 
practice for batting. 

There is another exercise game of ball known 
as " Two Old Cat," which is a variation of fungo, 
and a preliminary step to the regular game of 
baseball. It is generally played by nine play- 
ers, one of whom acts as pitcher," another as 
catcher, three others as base players, another 
as short stop, and the last thr^e as out-fielders. 
The pitcher is only allowed to pitch the ball to 
the bat, r.o kind of throw in the delivery of the 
ball being permitted; and he acts as'pitcher 
until the batsman is put out, when the catcher 



goes in to the bat, and the pitcher becomes the 
catcher, and each of the occupants of the other 
seven positions advance one position, the retir- 
ing batsman going to right field. The batsman 
can be put out on a fly catch of a fair or a foul 
ball, and on foul-bound catch, and also on three 
strikes. He can also be put out after hitting a 
fair ball on the bound, if the ball be held at first 
base before the batsman reaches it. Should he 
make his base after such a hit, however, he is 
entitled to take the bat again, or he can resign 
it in favor of any player he chooses. Of course 
the game is played on a diamond field, roughly 
laid out so as to mark the several base posi- 
tions. 



"Trap Ball," too, is another exercise game, 
which is played with a " trap," which is a solid 
piece of wood shaped something like a shoe, 
and having a movable tongue or spoon. Before 
playing it, it is as well to fix the trap by sinking 
the heel in the ground. Innings being tossed 
up for, the winner places the ball in the spoon 
of the trap, touches the tongue of the trap with 
his bat, and. as the ball rises, strikes it away aa 
far as he possibly can. If he makes more than 
two unsuccessful efforts at striking the ball, or 
touches the tongue more than twice without 
being able to hit the ball, he is out, and the 
next player takes his innings, which order of 
succession should be settled beforehand. If 
one of the fielders can catch the ball before it 
falls to the ground, the striker loses his in- 
nings; but if it is not caught, the fielder who 
stops it must bowl it from the spot where he 
picked it up, toward the trap ; if it touches the 
trap, the striker is out ; but if, on the contrary, 
it misses, the batsman counts one toward his 
game. 

A great objection on the part of the players 
has always existed in regard to the column of 
errors in the score. Hitherto the trouble has 
been to record errors without giving them the 
prominence they n&w hold in the score, and the 
only way to do this is to change the three 
columns showing the figures of chances offered 
and accepted, over the put-outs, assistances and 
errors, into two columns, giving the figures of 
total chances offered and total accepted by each 
fielder. This really gives the figures of errors, 
but not in the objectionable form now used. 

There is no possible advantage accruing from 
going in first at the bat which is not equally at 
command in the second part of the first inning, 
while the advantage of having an opportunity to 
recover lost ground by being last at the bat in a 
game, more than offsets whatever there is to be 
gained by taking the first crack at the new ball. 

The St. Louis Sayings in an editorial on hon- 
esty in sports, says : " Gambling on sporting 
events of any character has had more to do with 
the downfall of the aport that made gambling 
possible than any other factor. This applies 
almost exclusively, however, to sporting events 
that can be ' cooked,' and not to fair, open con- 
tests of sport. If all sports could be protected 
from the gambler like baseball, all sports would 
be as popular as baseball. The player who 
throws one game of baseball knows it is 100 to 1, 
ave, 1,000 to 1, that he will be detected, and 



S3 



THE RELIABLE BOOK OF OUT-BOOB GAMES. 



once detected his baseball days are ended. He 
is blacklisted, and all the money and influence 
in the world would not remove his name from 
that list. If this were done at tbe race tracks with 
horses and their owners, the public would soon 
recognize that it was ' getting a run for its 
money,' and the sport would increase in popu- 
larity correspondingly." 



The rules applicable to' the batting depart- 
ment of the existing code afford no criterion of 
skill whatever in estimating the work of the 
batsman each season, the average being worth- 



less as showing how much a batsman has done 
during a championship campaign to win games 
by sending in runs by bis batting. As it is now, 
the batsman who has the highest record of base 
hits and two and three baggers, bears off all 
the honors, though he may not ha'se sent in a 
run or forwarded a runner by his batting in half 
the games he has played, while the batsman 
who by single hits and sacrifices has not only 
forwarded runners and sent in runs in every 
game by his batting, stands low in the aver- 
ages. This is simply one of the absurdities of 
the existing code. 



APPENDIX TO BASEBALL PLAYING 

RULES. 



In interpreting Rule 27 of the playing code, 
the words in the rule " when the pitcher feigns to 
throw the ball to the base " must be regarded 
as admitting of a side or backward step in mak- 
ing the feint to throw, but when a step directly 
forward is made, or any motion is made indica- 
tive of such step, the pitcher must throw to the 
bat, or he commits a balk. 

The interpretation of the rule which makes the 
touching of a fly ball a catch — even if the ball 
be dropped— only applies to infield hits, and 
then only when a force out play is possible from 
the touched or dropped fly ball, which is touched 



or dropped by any fielder except one of the 
three outfielders. But when a force out play is 
not possible from the touched or dropped fly 
ball, then the missed catch counts as an error, 
and not as a catch. A force out play from a fly 
ball, hit so as to be caught or touched by an 
infielder, can only be made after the fly ball has 
first touched the ground before being handled. 
A sacrifice hit is made in accordance with 
Eule 67, Section i; but no sacrifice hit absolves 
the batsman from the charge of a time at bat, 
unless it be one made from a hit to an infielder. 
See Rule 65. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 


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